HUSH Semester 1 Final

What were the four things that were indirectly responsible for the exploration of the new world?

Renaissance, Marco Polo, Leif Erickson, Crusades

Which two nations led the way in terms of exploration?

Spain and Portugal

Who sailed for Portugal and found the first route to Asia?

Vasco DeGama

Who requested ships from Spain to sail west to Asia but found the new world instead?

Columbus

Who discovered Florida?

Ponce De Leon

Who was the first person to look at the waters from Panama?

Balboa

Who was the first person to circumnavigate the globe?

Magellan

Who was the Spanish Conquistador that conquered the Aztecs?

Cortez

Who conquered the Incas in South America?

Francisco Pizzaro

Who initially sailed for England but later switched to the Dutch?

Henry Hudson

Who was the sea pirate that robbed islands off the coast of South America?

Sir Francis Drake

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It split the world in two to avoid conflict between Spain and Portugal.

Who colonized Georgia and sent debtors from England?

James Oglethorpe

What was a major agricultural benefit of South Carolina?

It was suitable for growing rice.

What happened to the first attempt to colonize North Carolina?

The settlers disappeared after their leader left for resources.

What was the initial condition of Virginia's colonization?

It was horrible with poor soil and starvation leading to cannibalism.

Who led the rebellion in Virginia against the governor?

Nathaniel Bacon

Who colonized Maryland as a haven for Catholics?

Lord Baltimore

Who first colonized Delaware?

The Swedish

Who developed Pennsylvania with the Quakers?

William Penn

What were the two areas New Jersey was originally split into?

North and West Jersey

What was New York originally called?

New Amsterdam

What was the Mayflower Compact?

A promise by Pilgrims to work together for their colony.

Who developed Rhode Island?

Roger Williams

Who implemented the Fundamental Orders in Connecticut?

Thomas Hooker

Who colonized New Hampshire?

John Wheelwright

What were the two main reasons colonies developed without British micromanagement?

Britain was occupied with a civil war and profiting from mercantilism.

What did Edmund Andros propose to the colonies?

To start micromanaging colonies and restrict trade.

How was the Dominion of New England toppled?

King James was overthrown, allowing colonists to remove Andros.

How many slaves were transported, and how many did not survive the journey?

About 12 million transported, with around 2 million not surviving.

Who were the laborers before slaves?

Indentured servants or poor people.

What was the average life expectancy in better colonized nations?

About 70 years.

What shaped the personality of the people in the colonies?

Rocky environments that made them work harder.

What was the Great Awakening?

A revival of churches led by figures like Jonathan Edwards.

Where did the French first colonize?

Canada

What was the main source of income for the French in Canada?

Fur trade with natives.

What started the French and Indian War?

Conflict over land in the Ohio River Valley.

What was George Washington's initial involvement in the French and Indian War?

He set up Fort Necessity, which was overthrown.

What was Benjamin Franklin's proposed plan for the nations?

The Albany Plan of Union.

What were the British troops' tactics during the war?

They lined up, dressed in bright colors, and fought out in the open, which led to their defeat despite having more soldiers.

What did George Washington think of British fighting tactics?

He called their fighting tactics stupid.

What was the main turning point in the war?

William Pitt decided to hire better generals for the British, borrow money, and tax the people in Britain.

What happened at the Battle of Quebec?

British general John Wolfe fought against French general Marquis de Montcalm; both died, but the British won the battle and the war.

What was agreed upon in the first Treaty of Paris 1763?

France gave up Canada, Quebec, and part of the Mississippi River to Britain.

What did Britain trade away in the Treaty of Paris 1763?

Britain traded Cuba to Spain to gain Florida.

What did the British realize after the war?

They were low on money and resources.

How did George Grenville respond to Britain's financial issues?

He decided to tax the colonies.

What was the Sugar Act?

The duty on sugar was cut, allowing for lower prices, and it targeted American smugglers.

What was the Quartering Act?

It allowed British soldiers to stay in American homes and required residents to take care of them.

What was the Stamp Act?

Any documented paper had to be stamped with a tax before it could be made.

What was the response to the Stamp Act?

People were furious and formed the Stamp Act Congress, arguing against taxation without representation.

What act replaced the Stamp Act?

The Townshend Act, which imposed taxes on basic necessities like glass.

What happened at the Boston Massacre?

Soldiers shot back at protesters, killing 5 people.

What did the Sons of Liberty do after the Boston Massacre?

They organized the Boston Tea Party, throwing tea into the river.

What were the consequences of the Boston Tea Party?

The British implemented the Intolerable Acts, closing the harbor and requiring payment for the tea.

What was the 1st Continental Congress?

A gathering where people agreed to gather arms and ammunition in preparation for war.

What happened at Lexington and Concord?

Minute-men ambushed British soldiers, pushing them back to Boston.

What was the 2nd Continental Congress?

It appointed George Washington as the head general of the American Army.

What happened at Bunker Hill?

Americans held the high ground and pushed back British troops three times before retreating.

What did the Americans do at Fort Ticonderoga?

They stole cannons from the British and set them up on Dorchester Heights.

What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?

It was the turning point of the war, leading to French support for the Americans.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Yorktown?

George Washington and the French navy surrounded Cornwallis, forcing his surrender.

What did the Treaty of Paris 1783 accomplish?

It ended the war, recognized American independence, and defined territorial boundaries.

How revolutionary was the American Revolution?

Not very revolutionary, as many democratic practices were already in place.

Why was it easier to establish democracy during the Revolutionary War?

Many Loyalists left, allowing for more free rule.

What were the qualities of the first Articles of Confederation?

It had one branch of government, primarily controlled by the states, and lacked the power to tax.

What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?

It divided land won from the Revolutionary War into equal sections for affordable purchase.

What was the Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787?

It established a method for admitting new states to the Union.

What was the deal made to allow statehood?

Any plot of land with about 60,000 residents could apply for statehood and join the colonies.

What was Shay's Rebellion?

A revolt led by Daniel Shay, a farmer and army veteran, against unfair tax practices that resulted in the loss of his land.

What were the financial issues faced by states after the war?

States were in major debt and could only request quotas from other states, which did not yield expected revenue.

What was the first attempt to revise the Articles of Confederation?

The meeting at Annapolis in 1786.

Who was missing from the Annapolis meeting?

A representative for all 13 states.

What compromise did Alexander Hamilton propose after the Annapolis meeting?

To meet a year later in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation.

What happened at the Philadelphia Convention?

They did not just revise the Articles of Confederation but created a new Constitution.

Who were some key figures at the Philadelphia Convention?

James Madison, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin.

What was Patrick Henry's stance at the Philadelphia Convention?

He left, stating 'I smell a rat'.

What was the Great Compromise?

It created the House of Representatives with 2 votes per state and the Senate based on population.

What is the 3/5ths Compromise?

It counted a slave as 3/5ths of a person for population purposes.

What did Federalists fear?

Giving too much power to the people or democracy.

What did Anti-Federalists fear?

Giving too much power to the government or monarchy.

What helped ratify the Constitution?

The Bill of Rights, which protected people from the government.

Who was Washington's Vice President?

John Adams.

Who was Washington's Secretary of State?

Thomas Jefferson.

Who was Washington's Secretary of Treasury?

Alexander Hamilton.

What was Jay's Treaty?

A treaty with Britain that failed to stop harassment of American shipping.

What is Foreign Policy?

How America deals with problems involving other countries.

What was the XYZ Affair?

A diplomatic incident where France demanded bribes to negotiate with the U.S.

What was John Adams' response to the XYZ Affair?

He built up the military and passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.

What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolution state?

States had the right to nullify unconstitutional laws.

What was significant about Jefferson's presidency?

It was the first peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Republicans.

What did John Adams do before Jefferson's inauguration?

He filled the Judicial Branch with Federalists, known as the Midnight Judges.

What was the Marbury vs. Madison case about?

It established the principle of Judicial Review.

What was the story of Sally Hemmings?

Thomas Jefferson had an affair with Sally Hemmings, a slave, and promised her freedom for their children.

What were some of Jefferson's great accomplishments?

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What was Thomas Jefferson's most important accomplishment?

The Louisiana Purchase.

What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase?

It doubled the size of America by acquiring land controlled by France.

Why was Jefferson uneasy about the Louisiana Purchase?

He followed strict construction and was unsure if it was constitutional.

What was a major issue during Jefferson's second term?

The Embargo of 1807, which cut trade with France and Britain.

What was the outcome of the War of 1812?

The Treaty of Ghent restored boundaries to pre-war status.