APUSH Period 5

Manifest Destiny

Coined by journalist John O'Sullivan in 1845 to describe the belief that it was God's will for the United States to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean. It also describes a more general expansionism, such as the dispute over the Oregon Territory that Polk campaign on and the U.S. expansion into the Southwest following the Mexican-American War.

Texas independence

Following Mexico's crackdown on pro-Slavery U.S settlers, a group led by Sam Houston declared independence in 1836, many killed at Alamo, but eventually one after capturing Mexican general.

Border Dispute

Disagreement about whether the Southern border was the Nueces River or the Rio Grande, Zachary Taylor was ordered to move into disputed territory and was fired upon .

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico recognized Rio Grande as Southern U.S border, California and New Mexico territories for $15 million (Mexican Cession).

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to ban slavery in the new territories;defeated by Senate.

Gold Rush

Took place between 1848 and roughly 1855. The population of California ballooned as prospectors flocked to the state to seek a fortune in mining gold. Over 100,000 American Indians died as settlers and prospectors violently displaced them.

Forty-Niners

Nickname for an influx of immigrants to California in 1849 seeking riches in the gold rush. A number of immigrants were Chinese.

Ostend Manifesto

Plot in Ostend, Belgium that would've seen the U.S purchase Cuba, but was leaked to the press in the U.S.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Agreed that neither the U.S nor Great Britain would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Small strip of land purchased for $10 million, had good route for railroad

Free Soil Movement

Northern Democrats and Whigs supported the absence of all Black people from the new territory, had influential Free Soil Party in election of 1848

Popular Sovereignty

People in the territories decide on their slavery status, proposed by Democratic senator Lewis Cass

Compromise of 1850

Admit California as a free state, divide Mexican Cession into Utah and Nevada and allow popular sovereignty, solve Texas-New Mexico land dispute, ban slave trade in D.C but permit whites to own slaves there, and adopt new fugitive slave law

Nativism

Formed the Know-Nothing party

New Technology

Railroads, Telegraph, Sewing Machine

Slavery Literature

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Hinton R. Helper's Impending Crisis of the South (against slavery for economic reasons), George Fitzhugh's Sociology for the South

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas,” as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.

Canning of Charles Sumner (1856)

Occurred on May 22, 1856, in the United States Senate chamber, when Representative Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery Democrat from South Carolina, used a walking cane to attack Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Republican from Massachusetts.

Lincoln's Senatorial Victory

Beat out Douglas during debates to become Republican nominee, spoke effectively of Slavery as a moral issue

John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)

On the evening of October 16, 1859 John Brown, a staunch abolitionist, and a group of his supporters left their farmhouse hide-out en route to Harpers Ferry. Descending upon the town in the early hours of October 17th, Brown and his men captured prominent citizens and seized the federal armory and arsenal.

Breakup of the Democratic Party

Couldn't agree on one candidate, lost to Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln

Sixteenth President. Served 1861 to his assassination on April 15, 1865. A former Whig who had opposed the Mexican-American War, he joined the newly formed Republican Party. His 1860 election triggered the secession of several states, and he deftly led the Union through the ensuing Civil War.

Crittenden Compromise

Last ditch effort to appease the South by constitutionally guaranteeing the right to hold .slaves south of the Missouri Compromise Line

Fort Sumter (April 12th, 1861)

Confederacy fired on Union troops as they attempted to supply their fort in South Carolina. Start of the war.

Battle of Bull Run (1861)

The first battle of the Civil War.

Anaconda plan

A military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott during the Civil War. It aimed to blockade Southern ports and take control of Mississippi River, effectively 'squeezing' Confederacy's resources.

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Draw on the battlefield, led to the Confederacy's failure to gain European support, Lincoln used the partial triumph to announce a direct assault on the institution of slavery.

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

Union win by Ulysses S. Grant, officially split the confederacy by the Mississippi River.

Battle of Hampton Roads

Monitor v. Merrimac. Ultimately fought to a draw, the true significance of the engagement was that the era of the wooden warship was at an end. From that day forth, iron would forever rule the seas.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Decisive Union Victory, put an end to Lee’s wish to invade North. Involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point.

Gettysburg Address

Reflected his redefined belief that the Civil War was not just a fight to save the Union, but a struggle for freedom and equality for all, an idea Lincoln had not championed in the years leading up to the war.

March to the sea

Union soldiers set out under the direction of General William Tecumseh Sherman on a months-long march through Georgia in an effort break the ability of the Confederacy to wage war. The campaign took place between the major city of Atlanta, Georgia and the strategic seaport of Savannah, Georgia.

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse (1865)

Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union general Ulysses S. Grant, precipitating the capitulation of other Confederate forces and leading to the end of the bloodiest conflict in American history.

Confiscation Acts (1861)

Union would not have to return slaves that escaped to their lines and could use them in battle

Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1 1863)

All slaves in the states still in rebellion would remain free.

War Financing

$2.6 billion in loans, Government-issued greenbacks, high inflation, new Bank of the United States.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

Full presidential pardon if you took an oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation, and state governments can be reestablished once 10% of voters take loyalty oath.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Raised oath requirement to 50%, vetoed.

Freedmen's Bureau

Funded until 1870, taught 200,000 blacks to read and built 3,000 schools.

Johnson's Reconstruction Plans

Disenfranchisement of Confederate officeholders, and Confederates with more than $20,000 taxable property, but Johnson heavily used individual pardons, weakening the plan.

13th Amendment

Banned slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

All persons born in the US are citizens, states must provide citizens with equal protection and due process.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Placed the South under five military occupation zones, required Southern states to ratify 14th amendment.

15th Amendment

Prohibited any state from denying people right to vote based on race, color, or condition of previous servitude

Civil RIghts Act of 1875

Attempted to ban public discrimination, but law was poorly enforced.

Post-Civil War Greed & Corruption

Corruption in business and government, William "Boss" Tweed stole $200 million from New York taxpayers

Women's Suffrage

Many wanted the 14th and 15th amendments to apply to women as well.

Southern Actions

KKK (1867), Sharecropping system, return of Southerners to their legislatures by 1877

Black Codes

They could not rent any land nor borrow money to buy land, couldn't testify against whites in court, had to sign work agreements or could be arrested for vagrancy

Amnesty Act of 1872

Removed voting restrictions on the ex-Confederates

Compromise of 1877

Hayes would end reconstruction, withdraw all troops