color vision anomalies

red-green anomalies are __ linked

x (recessive)

8% in men, 0.4% in women

basis for anomalous trichromacy

hybrid gene

X chromosome has one copy of the __-cone opsin gene and more copies of the __-cone opsin gene

L, M

a female must be __ to express the anomaly

homozygous (XX). heterozygous female is a carrier.

protanamalous prevalence is __ while protanope prevalence is __

5%, 1%

deuteranamous prevalence is __ while deuteranope is __

1%, 1%

blue-yellow anomaly

rare, autosomal dominant, 0.005% prevalence

red green anomalies have difficulty distinguishing

colors that are dark and desaturated (improved w illumination)

protans have a reduction in ___ while deutans___

brightness of red lights, have no significant loss of luminosity

acquired color vision are secondary to __ and can be __

disease or toxicity, unilateral/asymmetric (blue/yellow rare)

Achromatopsias types

-automosomal recessive

-X linked

-cone monochromic

autosomal recessive types

complete: only rods

incomplete: residual L/M function

autosomal recessive symptoms

no/poor color discrimination

nystagmus

photophobia

20/200

dark red lenses for rhodopsin bleaching

X linked symptoms

-blue and cone monochromacy

-similar to rod monochromacy

- magenta colored lenses

cone monochromacy

VA normal

monochromatic color matching

-defect in postreceptoral processing of color

achromatopsias affect the __ while cerebral achromatopsia affects __

retina, extra striate cortex

Chromatopsias

not true color vision anomaly

- distortion of color vision

chromatopsia example

- cataract (perception of blueness)

- secondary to drugs:

digitalis-xanthopsia (yellow)

Synesthesia

neurological phenomenon in stimulation of ONE sensory or cognitive leads to involuntary experiences in a SECOND sensory/cognitive pathway

chromesthesia

association of sounds with color

kollner's rule: BY anomaly

-outer retinal disease

-media changes

Kollner's rule: RG anomaly

inner retina

ON,

Visual pathway

Visual cortex

Kollner's rule: __ can change to __.

post receptoral lesions affect___

BY, RG, both cones