HUMB1000 5.1 & 5.2 Energy & Metabolism

Selectively Permeable Cell Membrane

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

Cholesterol

Proteins

Sodium Potassium Pump

Exports 3 Na⁺ ions out of cell & imports 2 K⁺ ions into cell (active transport)

Secondary Active Transport

Active transport of one ion & co transport (symport) of second molecule

Vesicle Transport

Exocytosis & Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) (active transport)

Diffusion

Passive transport of steroid hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, cholesterol & fatty acids

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport of monosaccharides & amino acids via cell membrane channel or carrier protein

Osmosis

Net movement of water from low solute to high solute concentration (passive transport)

Aquaporins

Water channel proteins (osmosis)

Hypotonic Solution

Low solute concentration & high water concentration

Erythrocyte in Hypotonic Solution

Water diffuses (osmosis) into cell from solution causing swelling & lyse (lysis)

Hypertonic Solution

High solute concentration & low water concentration

Erythrocyte in Hypertonic Solution

Water diffuses (osmosis) from cell into solution causing crenation (shrinkage)

Isotonic Solution

Equal concentration of solutes in cell & solution

Erythrocyte in Isotonic Solution

Water diffuses (osmosis) between cell & solution at equal rate (no net movement) & cell normal shape

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine (Ribosome & Adenine) & 3 phosphate groups

Cellular Respiration Equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 – 48 ATP  

Glycolysis

Monosaccharide glucose is broken down to 2 pyruvate acid molecules in cytosol (cytoplasm)

Glycolysis products

2 NADH

2 ATP (net gain)

2 pyruvate molecules (pyruvic acid)

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (coenzyme)

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Glucose converted to lactate (lactic acid)

Acetyl CoA Production

Pyruvate (glycolysis) is oxidised into Acetyl Co A in matrix of mitochondria

Acetyl CoA production products

2 Acetyl Co A (co enzyme A)

2 NADH

2 CO₂

Citric Acid Cycle products

2 ATP  

2 FADH₂

4 CO₂ 

6 NADH  

FADH2

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (coenzyme)

Citric Acid Cycle

Matrix of mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain

Electrons from NADH & FADH₂ contribute to producing ATP & H₂O in inner mitochondrial membrane

Electron Transport Chain Products

32 - 34 ATP & H₂O

ATP Yield

2 Glycolysis

2 Citric Acid Cycle

32 - 34 by ETC

36 - 38 Total

NADH Yield

2 Glycolysis

2 Acetyl Co A

6 ETC

10 Total

FADH₂ Yield

2 Total (Citric Acid Cycle)