Anatomy and Physiology unit 1

Anatomy

study of structures

Physiology

study of functions

Organizational levels

Atom/element, molecule, macro/biomolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Organelle

"organs" of cells, some were once cells

cell

smallest unit of life

Eukaryotic

Has a nucleus

Prokaryotic

No nucleus

Tissue

Two or more cell types that come together with a common function

organ

Two or more tissue types that together perform a common function

organ system

Group of organs that accomplish a common goal

Homeostasis

the condition in which the body's environment is kept at stable, suitable conditions

Disease

disruption of homeostasis, body no longer functions properly

Local

localized, on one specific area of the body

systemic

found throughout a system or systems

Acute

short term

chronic

long term

Anatomical position

standing with palms forward

Superior/inferior

towards head/towards feet

Medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

Proximal/distal

closer to trunk/further from trunk

Anterior/posterior

front of body/back of body, also known as ventral/dorsal

Superficial/deep

surface/deep in the body

Sagittal plane

Vertical midline, divides body into left vs right

Transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior

Coronal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

Axial

head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

upper and lower limbs

Axial can be divided into which 2 cavities

dorsal and ventral cavities

visceral organs

found in dorsal and ventral cavities

Dorsal cavity

split into cranial and vertebral cavities, brain and spinal cord

Ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity which are separated by the diaphragm

thoracic cavity

pleural cavity (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart)

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver) and pelvic cavity (urinary tract, reproductive organs)

4 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

9 regions of abdominopelvic cavity

R. hypochondriac epigastric l. hypochondriac

r. lumbar umbilical l. lumbar

r. iliac hypogastric l. iliac

Heartburn

epigastric region

peptic ulcer

Epigastric and Right Hypochondriac Regions

appendicitis

right iliac region

gallstones

umbilical region

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Umbilical, both Lumbar Regions, both Hypogastric regions, and both Iliac Regions

Crohn's Disease

Umbilical, both Lumbar Regions, both Hypogastric regions, and both Iliac Regions

Ulcerative Colitis

Umbilical, both Lumbar Regions, both Hypogastric regions, and both Iliac Regions

Diverticulitis

Left Lumbar and Left Iliac Regions

Integumentary system

External support, protection/defense

Hair, skin, nails

skeletal system

Internal support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, Ca++ homeostasis

Bones

Muscular System

body movement, heat production

muscles

nervous system

regulation of all body activities, learning, memory

brain, spinal cord, nerves

endocrine system

chemical regulation of body

endocrine glands

respiratory system

gaseous exchange

lungs

circulatory system

transport of nutrients and waste, defense

heart, blood, blood vessels

lymphatic system

immunity, absorption of fats, drainage

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus

digestive system

breakdown and absorption of food

stomach, intestines

urinary system

maintenance of volume and chemical composition of blood

kidneys, bladder

reproductive system

sperm and egg production, development of fetus

ovaries, testes

Protection/Support/Movement

integumentary, skeletal, muscular

integration/coordination

nervous and endocrine

maintenance of body

circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary

reproduction

reproductive system

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces, inside and out

connective tissue

binds and supports body parts

muscular tissue

specialized for contraction

nervous tissue

specialized to respond to stimuli and transmit impulses

3 main types of epithelial tissue shapes

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

squamous epithelium

flat cells, line lungs and blood vessels

filtration, diffusion, osmosis

cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped cells, line kidney tubules, ducts, and glands

secretion and absorption

columnar epithelium

Rectangular or column shaped, nuclei near bottom (basal), lining the digestive tract

protection, secretion, absorption

3 main types of epithelial tissue layers

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

stratified epithelium

more than one layer of cells

pseudostratified epithelium

looks several cells thick, but only one layer

exocrine glands

secrete products into ducts

endocrine glands

secrete into bloodstream

connective tissue is dependent on:

matrix

3 fiber types of solid and semi solid matrix

white fibers, yellow fibers, reticular fibers

white fibers

collagen (flexibility and strength)

yellow fibers

Elastin; not as strong, more elastic

reticular fibers

thin, highly branched collagen fibers

loose connective tissue

binds structures together, common beneath epithelium

fibroblasts

star shaped cells that secrete lots of extracellular fibers, mostly white and yellow fibers

adipose tissue

has specialized fibroblasts to store fat, less matrix and more cells

fibrous connective tissue

dense tissue, produces mostly white fibers that are tightly bound together

tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone, less cells, more matrix

Cartilage

cells are chondrocytes which are in lacunae, small chambers