Cellular Metabolism and Cell Respiration Review

These flashcards cover key concepts regarding cellular metabolism and cell respiration, including definitions, reactions, processes, and differences between various metabolic pathways.

Metabolism

All of the body’s Chemical Reactions

Anabolism

Process that form Small molecules into larger molecules

Examples of Anabolism

DNA/Protein Synthesis

Catabolism

Catabolism is the breakdown of small molecules, releasing energy.

Examples of catabolism

Digestive system , Glycolysis, Krebs cycle

Enzyme

3D Delicate structure of proteins, Biological catalysts, are reused, end in -ase

Examples of an Enzyme

Lactase, lipase, Amylase

Substrate

Ex:

The molecule that is changed by the enzyme

Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids

Enzyme-substrate complex

structure formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate, facilitating the chemical reaction.

Active Site

region where the substrate binds & chemical reaction occurs

Cofactor

 Inorganic minerals “enzyme-helper”

Examples of a Cofactor

Calcium & Magnesium

Coenzyme

Organic vitamins “enzyme helper”

Examples of a Coenzyme

Vitamin B12 & Folic Acid

Denaturation

2 Factors that cause it: 

When proteins lose their 3d structure due to HIGH PH AND TEMP

Reversible reaction that shows how energy comes from ATP

ATP + H₂O ⇌ ADP + Pᵢ + ATP

Give the balanced reaction for cellular respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ⇌ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

Discuss Glycolysis- Take place, produces, does it require O2

process by which cells break down glucose to extract energy

takes place in the cytosol/ cytoplasm ,

PRODUCES 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates, 

Doesn’t require O2

Intermediate Step- Produces:

• is the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration

PRODUCES: 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle- Take place, produces:

• series of biochemical reactions in cellular respiration where acetyl-CoA is oxidized

Takes place: Mitochondria Matrix

PRODUCES: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2. 2 ATP

ETC- Takes place, Produces, does it req. O2:

• series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another, releasing energy to pump H+ across the membrane and generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Takes place: Euk- mitochondria cristae  prok- cell membrane

PRODUCES: ATP, H2O

REQ. O2/OXYGEN

Net gain of ATP in Glycolysis

2 ATP

Net gain of ATP in Krebs Cycle

2 ATP

Net gain of ATP in ETC

34 ATP

 How many ATP molecules are produced from one NADH⁺ in the presence of O₂?  From one FADH₂ in the presence of O₂?

In the presence of O2, the Electron Transport Chain produces 3 ATP molecules per NADH and 2 ATP molecules per FADH2.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP

 What kinds of cells usually undergo fermentation?

Yeast, muscle cells, and some bacteria

How many ATPs are produced in fermentation?

2 ATPs

 List 4 common products of fermentation.

Ethanol, Carbon Dioxide, Acetic Acid, lactic Acid

 List two things that are produced in anabolic pathways of monosaccharides

Polysaccharides, Nucleotides

List one thing produced in anabolic pathways of fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids.

Triglycerides

 What is produced in catabolic pathways of organic compounds?  (List 3 “things”.)

ATP, CO2, H2O

Ketosis

 Metabolic state where the body produces and utilizes ketone bodies for energy due to limited glucose supply

What pathway is associated with Ketosis?

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids & Ketogenesis 

 Who is likely to exhibit ketosis and symptoms?

Individuals following a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet or those with uncontrolled diabetes.

Deamination

Catabolism of proteins, removal of amino group from the amino acid in the form of ammonia so that amino acid becomes keto acid

What pathway is associated with Deamination?

Urea cycle, protein metabolism

What is the fate of the deaminated portion?  The -NH2 portion?

Fate of Deaminated portion (carbon skeleton):  can enter other metabolic pathways for energy production or synthesis

Fate of -NH2 portion: Is removed as Ammonia (NH3)

Fats have about 2X the energy as carbohydrates and proteins per gram; efficient way to store energy

True

What are the different organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates: building blocks, examples

 Building blocks are Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Ex: Glucose, Lactose, Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin

Lipids: building blocks, examples

 Building blocks are Fatty acids & Glycerol

Ex: Fats & Oils, Steroids, Phospholipids

Proteins: building blocks, examples

Building blocks are Amino acids 

Ex: Lactase, Hemoglobin, Hormones

Nucleotides: building blocks, examples

 Building blocks are Nucleotides

Ex: DNA, RNA, ATP

Catabolism of nucleic acids: What is produced

A metabolic process that involves the breakdown of nucleic acids into nucleotides, which are then broken into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates, releasing energy.