Bio Final- Cancer, DNA, Cell cycle

prokaryote

no nuclei

Eukaryote

have a nuclei

cell division prokaryotes

1.     DNA copied

2.     Cell splits by binary fission

cell division for eukaryote

DNA is contained in chromosomes, a single long DNA molecule packages with proteins into a compact shape

Involves mitosis and cytokinesis OR meiosis and cytokinesis

Mitosis - assosiaiton

asexual reproduction for growth and repair

mitosis- function

Cell division of non reproductive cells, body or somatic cells

mitosis-tthe number of chromosomes at the beginning and end of process

Chromosome number remains the same (2n>2N) in humans 24 chromosomes > 46 chromosomes

mitosis number of cells beginning to end

1 to 2 daughter cells are produced

mitosis

Produces diploid cells (full number of chromosomes) 2n

Meiosis- production associated

sexual reproduction

miosis- its funtion

produces games (sperm/ova and eg)

meiosis- chromosomes produced at beginning and end

Chromosome number is halved (2n > n ) in humans 46 chromosomes > 23 chromosomes

meiosis- number of cells at the beginning and end

1 cell to 4 non-identical cells

meiosis- hap or dip

produced haploid cells

DNA

instruction book for an organism

GENE

carries specific set of instructions (paragraph), Sequence of DNA that contains information about genetic traits, Codes for specific proteins

chromosomes

  made of DNA in its condensed form, contains part of the DNA code fro a cell (chapter in a book or instruction manual)

mutation

misspelled wors, typos, etc., Changes in DNA sequence

cancer

accumulation of mutations

interphase

the phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division, including DNA replication and cell growth.

M phase

cell division, phases- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

G1

Cell’s primary growth phase, Greatest portions of a cells life span

S phase

DNA replicates producing two copies of each chromosome

G2 phase

More growth, replication of mitochondria and other organelles, synthesis of microtubules

Mitosis

division of nucleus

Cytokinesis

final stage of M phase, cytoplasm divided creating two daughter cells

Gi checkpoint

  Large enough, Adequate environmental conditions (nutrients, space, attachment)

G2 checkpoint

DNA replicated correctly

M checkpoint

chromosomes aligned and attached to spindle fibers

proto-oncogene

before cancer gene

proto-oncogene- function

at checkpoint= “if ok, go and divide”

proto-oncognee- when mutated what happens

oncogene (cancer gene) = always stimulates divisions whether conditions are right or not

proto-oncogene- conditions

Stimulates cell divisions when conditions right

Tumor suppressor- function

Function at checkpoints = “if not okay, stop driving”

Tumor Suppressor- condition and detect

Suppresses cell division when conditions are not right, repairs DNA mistakes, or tells cells when to die, Can detect and repair DNA damage

Tumor Supressor- mutated

tumor suppressor = never stops cell division, allowing tumors to keep growing, can override checkpoints

benign tumor

encapsulated, noninvasive

malignant tumor

not encapsulated, invasive

metastasis

cancer cells enter the bloodstream or lymph vessels and spread to other organs

carcinoma

from epithelial tissue (lining and skin), the most common

sarcoma

from connective tissue

leukemia

from tissues that make blood, cells circulate through other tissues where they grow, don’t form tumors as in most others forms of cancer

lymphoma

malignant tumor of lymph nodes

risk factors for cancer

Genetics/ family medical history, age, sex assigned at birth, Lifestyle choices and environment exposure

define risk factor

anything that increases a person’s; chance of getting the disease

symptoms

indications of a disease, illness of injuring noticed by a patient

list general cancer symptoms

unexplained weight loss, fatigue, persistent pain, fever

Risk factors breast cancer

overweight, not having children, hormone, therapy, female at birth

risk for prostate cancer

african american, caribbean men of african ancestry

melanoma

uv exposure, fair skin, male at birth

Male US Prostate cancer incidence

75.2

Male Venezuela prostate cancer incidence

52.3

Mael US prostate cancer death

8.1

Male Venezuela prostate cancer death

23.9

MN cancer facts

Top 3 cancers and deaths- breast, prostate, lung, MN is one of the highest rates (incidences) of melanoma, but not a highest death rate

US 3 cancer facts

more incidence cases of cancer in the eastern half of the US