holt et al chpt 14

personality:

enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings & behaviours that make each person unique

Key components of Freud's psychodynamic theory (3)

1. id (pleasure principal)

2. ego (reality principal)

3. superego (moral standards)

what are defence mechanisms?

unconscious processes that reduce anxiety by distorting reality (repression, denial, projection)

Freud's psychosexual stages:

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

what did Adler emphasise?

the drive for superiority & compensation for feelings of inferiority

What did Jung propose?

the collective unconscious & archetypes shared across humanity

Rogers' concept of self:

the self-concept is the core of personality; congruence btwn self & experience fosters growth

what is unconditional positive regard?

acceptance & support regardless of behaviour (Rogers)

What is Maslow's view of personality?

Personality develops toward self-actualisation when basic needs are met

What are trait theories?

personality consists of stable, measurable characteristics

the Big Five personality traits:

OCEAN:

1. Openness

2. Conscientiousness

3. Extraversion

4. Agreeableness

5. Neuroticism

What did Eysenck propose?

3 major dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

how heritable is personality?

approx 40-60% based on twin & adoption studies

What is Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism?

Behaviour, environment, and personal factors interact to shape personality.

What is self-efficacy?

One's belief in their ability to perform tasks successfully.

What is Rotter's locus of control?

The extent to which individuals believe they control their own outcomes (internal vs. external).

What is Mischel's CAPS model?

Personality expression varies across situations but follows consistent cognitive-affective patterns.

What are objective personality tests?

Standardized assessments like the NEO-PI-R and MMPI that measure traits quantitatively.

What are projective tests?

Tests using ambiguous stimuli (e.g., Rorschach, TAT) to uncover unconscious motives.