Patho Exam 1

pt. 2

Pathophysiology

The study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease or medical condition.

Modifiable Risk Factors

Factors that can be changed or controlled to reduce the risk of disease, such as lifestyle choices.

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

Factors that cannot be changed, such as age, gender, genetics, and family history.

Clinical Manifestations

The signs and symptoms that are indicative of a particular disease or condition.

Signs vs Symptoms

Signs are objective evidence of disease observed by a clinician, while symptoms are subjective experiences reported by the patient.

Remissions vs Exacerbations

Remissions are periods when symptoms improve or disappear, while exacerbations are periods when symptoms worsen.

Acute vs Chronic vs Insidious

Acute refers to a sudden onset, chronic refers to long-lasting conditions, and insidious indicates a gradual onset.

Local vs Systemic

Local refers to effects that are limited to a specific area, while systemic refers to effects that impact the entire body.

Mortality vs Morbidity

Mortality refers to death rates in a population, while morbidity refers to the incidence of disease or health complications.

Incidence vs Prevalence

Incidence measures the number of new cases in a specific time period, while prevalence measures the total number of cases at a given time.

Endemic

A disease or condition regularly found and consistently present in a particular geographic area.

Epidemic

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population.

Pandemic

An epidemic that has spread over multiple countries or continents, affecting a large number of people.

Primary Prevention

Strategies aimed at preventing diseases before they occur, such as vaccinations.

Secondary Prevention

Strategies aimed at early detection and prompt treatment of diseases in order to reduce severity.

Tertiary Prevention

Strategies aimed at reducing the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects.

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy expenditure, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy, typically against a concentration gradient.

Atrophy

A decrease in the size of cells, leading to a reduction in the size of tissues or organs.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of tissues or organs.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

Metaplasia

The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

Dysplasia

Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.

Necrosis

The uncontrolled death of cells in the body due to injury or disease.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

Innate Immunity

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, characterized by nonspecific responses.

Adaptive Immunity

The body's defense system that adapts to specific pathogens after exposure.

B cells

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies and plays a key role in the immune response.

T cells

A type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Exaggerated immune responses that can lead to tissue damage and disease.

Autoimmunity

A condition in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

Alloimmunity

An immune response against foreign tissues from the same species, as seen in organ transplants.

Vaccines

Biological preparations that provide acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.

Altered Immunity

A condition where the immune system function deviates from the normal, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, malignancies, or autoimmune diseases.

Immunodeficiency

A disorder where the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.

Hypersensitivity Type I

An immediate allergic reaction caused by the release of histamines and other mediators from mast cells, typically in response to allergens.

Hypersensitivity Type II

An antibody-mediated immune response that leads to tissue damage, often seen in conditions such as hemolytic anemia.

Hypersensitivity Type III

An immune response involving the formation of immune complexes that can deposit in tissues and trigger inflammation, as in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Hypersensitivity Type IV

A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells, which can lead to tissue damage, seen in conditions like contact dermatitis.

Autoimmure Disorders

Diseases resulting from the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own cells, such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.

Cytokines

Proteins that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.

Virulence

The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism, often measured by the severity of disease it produces.

Infection

The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which can generate tissue damage and disease.

Chronic Inflammation

A prolonged inflammatory response that can lead to tissue damage and is often associated with various diseases, including cancer.