Bio 1

Digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

oral cavity

The part of the mouth behind the gums and teeth that is bounded above by the hard and soft palates and below by the tongue and by the mucous membrane connecting it with the inner part of the mandible.

saliva

The fluid released when the mouth waters that plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical digestion

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

gastric juice

digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

intestines

tube-shaped organs through which most nutrients and water are absorbed from food

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

gall bladder function

stores and concentrates bile

Liver functions

Responsible for: The metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs. Enzyme activation. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors. Blood detoxification and purification. Bile production and secretion.

enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Inhalation

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

Exhalation

The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.

internal respiration

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

external respiration

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Lungs function

helps oxygen enter red blood cells

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

clotting

the coagulation of blood caused by the rupture of platelets and the interaction of fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin and calcium ions

gas exchange

Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2

Bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

Microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area

mucus

A thick, slippery substance produced by the body

arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

atrium

Each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart

Ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body.

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Cardiac circulation

The circulation of blood around the heart only

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Plasma

Liquid part of blood

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Erythrocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Platelets

blood clotting

heart rate

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute.

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

Systolic/systole

Maximum pressure exerted on arteries when the ventricles contract or ejected blood from the heart.

Diastolic/diastole

The period of time when the heart fills with blood after contraction

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.