Sociology Test Unit 3

---- Chinese women wages

3 million; wages that range from 30 cents to 55 cents an hour

Worldwide wealth

225 of richest people own more than poorest 2.5 billion

High income nations

nations with advanced industrial economies and high living standards; cheap food and goods; US, Canada, France, etc.

Middle-Income Nations

Nations that are industrialized and have moderate wealth and living standards; mexico, brazil, columbia

low income nation

Nations that are poor, agrarian, and benefit least from their participation in the global economy; poverty, no goods, tough environment; bangladesh, pakistan, vietnam

high income nation person earns ---- times more than low income nation person

60

Children in poor nations are ---- more likely to die in than children in wealthy nations

50 x

Mothers in poor nations are ----- more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than are mothers in more wealthy countries

150 x

Colonialism

indigenous populations had resources and labor stolen from them

females constitute what percent of worlds labor force, but --- total hours while receiving --- percent of income

40%; 2/3; 10%

Social Stratification

a form of inequality in which categories of people are systematically ranked in a hierarchy on the basis of their access to scarce but valued resources

caste system

a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity

traditional indian castes

priests/ scholars; warriors/ royalty; merchants; peasants/ craft workers; bathroom and death workers

income

amount of money you make during a given time frame

wealth

what you own

upper class

5% of population; dominate media, politics, economics

Old money

inherited fortunes, prestigious, may have a little income

new money

earned for yourself

poverty

Having fewer resources than necessary to meet the basic necessities of life; 11% of americans

Absolute Poverty

found when one lacks the resources to sustain life

Relative Poverty

your economic status as compared to someone else

Poverty Lines

single- 13590; fam of 4- 27750

Feminization of Poverty

Women and girls constitute a disproportionate share of the poor

Intergenerational Mobility

doing better than parents

Upward Social Mobility

doing better than you were

Downward Social Mobility

doing worse than you were

Horizontal Mobility

doing same

Cultural Capital

refers to the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility; education

Social Capital

refers to the potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility; effective means of getting job

Conspicuous consumption

Wasteful consumptions of goods

Intersectionality

The overlap among various forms or inequality and oppression

lifespan expectancy in nations

poor: 50; rich: 70-80

global inequality and conflict theory

rich countries take advantage of poor countries; Berlin Conference of 1887 resulted in conflicts which carry on to this day- dividing of africa;
Belgium Congo- feet cut off

Neocolonialism

the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies

hole in the wall experiment

The experiment aimed at proving that children could be taught by computers very easily without any formal training

social stratification

a form of inequality in which categories of people are systematically ranked in a hierarchy on the basis of their access to scarce but valued resources

slavery

40 million enslaved today

rwandan genocide

US did not respond well; no troops; belgian troops just rescued the one white woman

caste system

priests/scholars; warriors and royalty; merchants; peasants; dalits- lowly; hereditary

estate system

nobles; priesthood; commoners- some social mobility

class system based on

income, wealth, power, prestige, education

upper

1-5%; old/new money; membership in clubs is important

upper middle

excess $150,000; 15% earners; physicians, execs, attorneys; suburbs; small town elite

lower middle

33%; teachers, bank, salespeople; share values of upper mid but lacks resources

working class

30%; blue collar and clerical workers, less than $50,000' identity outside of work

lower class

14%; 2-3+ jobs

underclass

unemployed; homeless

race

biological and social construction as groups selectively identify physical traits and transform them into symbols of purported racial differences

ethnicity

religion, language, culture

minority group

NOT PERCENTAGES; identifiability; membership based on ascription; group answers; differential powers; differential and unequal treatment; LACK OF POWER

stereotyping

static and oversimplified ideas about group or a social category

scapegoating

a weak, convenient, and socially approved target

prejudice

attitude

discrimination

action

de jure segregation

law; rosa parks

de facto segregation

everyday practice

population transfer

cherokee being forced to march; trail of tears

genocide

attempted/successful annihilation of entire people

13

slavery

14

citizenship

15

voting

reconstruction

freedom for african americans after civil war

plessy v ferguson

separate but equal

brown vs board

NO separate but equal

majority minority of SD and US

native americans; latino

nonviolent protest

block door

power

ability to realize will against the resistance of others;

authority

legitimize power; widespread social approval

traditional authority

custom and habit

legal rational authority

based on law

charismatic authority

based on sheer charisma

sex

biological and physical differences between females and males

gender

a cultural understanding of what constitutes masc and fem

cisgender

matches birth

transgender

opposite of cis

transexual

has surgery

androgyny

blending of m and f attributes

sexism

one sex is better/ worse than other

intersex

individuals in whom sexual differentiation is incomplete or indistinct

gendered spaces

spaces either more male or female

conflict theory

power and powerless with m and f

expressive roles

provide love, care, home

instrumental

work, paycheck

second shift

women have to do both; men less likely to help if women work more

glass ceiling

women still face problems

behavior of women

kind of; sort of; hesitant; objectified more

sexual harrassment

leers/oggling; sexually oriented humor; dispplay of sexual imagery; unwanted physical contact; threats; 83% girls in school; 2/3 college students; 1/3 on job

gender harrassment

hard time because violating gender roles

declaration of sentiments

problems faced by women

kyrgystan

abductions

family orientation

family that raises u

family procreation

family that u begin

Consanguineal Kin

People who are related through biological ties

Affinal Kin

People who are related by marriage

Adopted Kin

People who are related via adoption

Fictive Kin

People who have gained the status of kin due to close ties or ritual (ex godparents)

Polygyny

more than one wife

Polyandry

more than one husband

POSSLQs

people of the opposite sex sharing living quarters; up 10x since 1970

Exogamy

a norm that requires people to find marriage partners outside their own group