8.1 Endocrine System and Glycaemic Control

Flashcards covering key concepts related to the endocrine system, particularly the pancreas and glycaemic control.

Glycaemic Control

The regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

Pancreas

An organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions, producing hormones like insulin and glucagon, and digestive enzymes.

Insulin

A hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in cells.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Beta Cells

Cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin.

Alpha Cells

Cells in the pancreas that secrete glucagon.

Somatostatin

A hormone secreted by delta cells of the pancreas that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

Insulin Signaling

The process by which insulin binds to its receptor, facilitating glucose uptake into cells.

Blood Capillaries

Small blood vessels in the pancreas that transport hormones to the bloodstream.

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce hormones like insulin and glucagon.

Glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Adipose Tissue

Body fat that stores energy, including excess calories as triglycerides.

GLUT Receptors

Glucose transporters on cell membranes that facilitate glucose uptake by various tissues.

Fed State

The absorptive state that occurs after eating when anabolism exceeds catabolism.

Fasting State

The post-absorptive state where the gastrointestinal tract is empty and the body relies on stored energy sources.

Hypoglycemia

A condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels.

Hyperglycemia

A condition characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels.