history (not done)

Rapid growth of American cities

-Post civil war many people began moving to cities for opportunities
-cities represented opportunity
-U.S. went from rural to urban

Walking cities to commuting cities

-At first the cities weren't super big, but as they grew walking became a poor form of transportation.
-Stagecoaches didn't work for short distance so horse darn street cars were used
-Eventually the electric street car was developed and things like cable cars and trolley cars began to be used

People moving to cities from rural areas and immigrating from foreign countries

-By 1900 40% of the population lived in cities
-Millions of people moved from rural areas to cities
-10+ million Europeans and moved to U.S.

Mobile population

People moved within cities and between cities

Rise of downtown areas

At first the cities weren't super big, the rich lived in the center and the poor lived on the outskirts, but then things changed and as the cities began to grow they flipped, with factories and the working class moving to the center while rich to the suburbs.

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s ex: Italians, Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Slavs, mJews

Old Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s ex: english, german, irish, welsh, french, spanish, dutch

Why did the new and old immigrants come to America

Many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity

Life as an immigrant in the U.S.

- was hard to find work
- country's fastest-growing industries hired immigrants
- tried to preserve their cultures, most assimilated to American culture
- children assimilated
- most came from rural areas, but too poor to buy farmland
- settled in cities and worked in unskilled jobs
- lived in ethnic neighborhoods

Tenement Buildings

multistory apartment buildings divided into crowded apartments where working class people lived during the industrial revolution

Slums

-an overcrowded, dirty area of a city where the housing is usually in very poor condition
-when a tenement building isn't maintained

Ghettos

When and ethnic group gets stuck in a slum

Rise of Police Forces

-Crime rates went up which caused police to begin to patrol streets
-Vice laws were difficult to enforce
-In NYC and investigation uncovered corruption in the police force
-Teddy Roosevelt was hired by a non partisan board of commissioners to reform the police

Tammany Hall

The machine for NYC (a machine was a informal policies institution)

William Tweed

The boss of tammany hall, he increased city debt and was convicted of fraud and extortion

Urban Reformers - Fighting Poverty - Middle Class

-Usually did not see the "Big Picture"
-Usually blamed poor for their education

YMCA/YWCA

This was founded in England in 1841 and exported to America in 1851. It focused on the dislocation and strain experienced by rural Americans who migrated to the cities in the post-Civil War years. They provided decent housing and wholesome recreational facilities under close supervision and expelled members for drinking or other forbidden behavior.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Washington Gladden

Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper columns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.

William S. Rainsford

-Irish born episcopal minister
-Was apart of the institutional churches movement
-Backed by JP Morgan
-Renovated downtown churches

Settlement House Movement

-Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education
-Renovated mansions in the inner city
-Jane addams: Hull house chicago (most popular)

Rebuilding and Beautifying American cities

-Reshaping would create stable living environment
-New sewer and water lines
-Built streets and roads
-Garbage collection
-Planted trees
-Built public buildings: libraries colleges theaters
-The ideal city had separate zones
-Parks: City beautiful movement
-Benefitted the middle and upper classes
-NYC - Central Park

Chicago

-Had a huge population increase
-Rise and spread of skyscrapers: which had 24+ floors

Creation of efficient water and sewage systems

Decline in disease and epidemics

Annexation

Adding unincorporated land

Consolidation

Absorb adjacent municipalities (towns)

Modern NYC

1898 Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island added Bronx and manhattan and later Harlem

Consumer products making life more comfortable and convenient

-Americans adjusted to new consumer culture
-More comfort and convenience

Gap between classes widening

-Middle class had more material wealth
-Upward mobility was possible but the gap kept widening

Breakfast cereals

John Harvey Kellog - Granola cereal: Turned to wheat flakes to shredded wheat to the well known Corn Flakes.

Charles W. Post- grape nut flakes and postum (breakfast drink)

Mail Order houses

Aaron Montgomery - New goods available at low prices to rural america, cut out general stores. Made a mail order catalog: Wards catalog. Unconditional right to return items, multiple languages.

Richard Warden Sears- Made a Mail order catalog for farmers/rural america. Had a wide range of products. There was consumer loyalty and it was in multiple languages too.

Chain Stores

F.W. Woolworth - sold products cheaply so more people would buy them. 1st chain was called five and ten cent store

Great Atlantic and pacific tea company- The A and P store

Not all products were...

safe or healthy

Nuclear family

-Mother, father and children living as a unit
-The norm
-Size of families were reducing

Victorian morality

middle class and upper class duchess was linked to superior talents intelligence and morality

Victorian Moral code

-Key to success was hard-work
-Obsessive about personal traits
-Dress code
-No vices
-It influenced social spaces, fine arts, and classical music

Farmers and working class

extended families/family networks

Department stores

-Unique to each American city
-impulse buying
-Stores were elaborate
- Nyc: Rowland H Macy
-Phily: John Wanamaker
- Chicago: Marshall field

Advertising and marketing of department stores

-made shopping a unique experience
-high end luxury
-impulse buying
-lavished care and attention on shoppers

Hotels

-High end fashion and elite taste
-NYC 1892: Waldorf Astoria- efficient self contained community

Higher education

-Middle class now able to go to college
-Football: elitist sport
-More women were attending college
-Medical and law schools were reformed

Working class leisure time

-Recreation became very important
-Saloons: refuge of working men
-Prize fighting: Boxing

Last bare-knuckle championship (boxing)

John Sullivan- Boston strong boy

Rise of Baseball

-1st organizer team NY knickerbockers
-In the 1860s rules were modified and it became modern baseball
-Cincinnati Red stockings- 1st team under context, toured U.S. with no losses

Vaudeville shows

-Variety shows
-Toured town to town

Amusement parks

-A source of entertainment during this period, used all the latest advances in electricity
-NY Coney Island: resort for masses, half a million people on any saturday

Ragtime music

-Popular music
-Scott Joplin: Black piano player form St. louis, made song "Maple leaf rag"
-Broke down racial barriers in music industry

Womens recreations

-Womens clubs
-Women's colleges
\***Bicycles: modern bicycle, changed how women could dress

Mark Twain

-The writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn
-Challenged publishing industry

Frank Lloyd Wright

-Considered America's greatest architect.
-"Prairie school house" - practical living space
-Designed suburbs of chicago

Francis Willard

-Resigned as dean of Women at Northwestern University
-President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
-Wanted voting rights for women
-1st mass women's organization

Public school reform

—Push for public education for all children, not just the wealthy
-Standardize and centralize education
-Reformers in middle/upper class thought education was a tool to contain the working class

Localism in politics

- Big businesses had influence over government
- Excess of spoils system -\> civil service reform
- Farmers alliance -\> populist/peoples party
- Democrats: white elite in the south
- Republicans small towns in new england
- Localism was more important to most americans

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Voter Participation

went from 80% to 95%

Rutherford B Hayes as president

- Eliminated most corruption from Grants admin
- Wife "lemonade lucy"
-19th president of the united states

Greenback

paper currency issued during the Civil War

Greenback Labor Party

A national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth; "Greenbackers" also called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight-hour workday.

Coinage Act of 1873

-put the nation on a gold standard economy causing deflation

Bland-Allison Act

1873 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

-Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency
-issued treasury notes that could be redeemed for gold/silver

Spoils System

-A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
-Pro: they could rotate people in and out of administration
-Con: the people were unqualified
-This caused a push for civil service reformed-\> based on merit

President James A. Garfield

-Won election of 1880 for the republicans
-He cautiously backed civil reform
-His Vice president was Chester Arthur
-He was shot twice by Charles Guiteau and his VP became president (arthur used Garfield's death to get civil service reform)

Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883

-Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage
-At first it was just 12% of the government

Grover Cleveland

-Won in election of 1884 for democrats but had support form republicans
-fought tammany hall and spoils system
-took a stand on tariffs, wanted lower tariffs
-wanted better use of surplus money
-investigated Grand Army of republic for pension abuse
-had a second non consecutive term

Election of 1888

- Dem: Grover cleveland
- Rep: Benjamin Harrison
- Dirty campaign-\> lots of mudslinging
-Harrison won

Benjamin Harrison as president

- Billion Dollar congress
-Government pensions went up
-Mckinl;ey tariff was at and all time high

Farmers' Alliance

-network of farmers' organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s
-joined together to from populist/peoples party

Plight of Southern blacks

-Jim crow laws
-segregation
-disinfranchment

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionality of jim crow laws

Panic of 1893

-Major depression
-Collapse of railroads and U.S. gold reserve
-4 years of hard times-Billion dollar congress and Shermans silver act made matters worse

Cleveland and wall street

split in democrats

Laissez Faire Government after depression

it ends

William McKinley as president

- won election of 1896 for republicans
-president for 2 terms
-supported the gold reserve and high tariffs
-when he is president tariffs are at an all time high

Alfred T. Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power upon History - U.S. and other countries should build strong navies and obtain foreign colonies to act as fueling bases for the navy

Hawaii u.s. expansion

-1st american expansion
-u.s. staged coop against queen
-became american territory-pearl harbor: u.s. naval base

Cuba and the US

-America gave support to Cuba's revolt against spain
-Platt Amendment: US may intervene in Cuban affairs
-US Business: Sugar, mines, tourism, oil refinery, banking
-Guantanamo Bay: US naval base in Cuba

Yellow Journalism

Yellow Journalism - William Randolph Hearst - newspaper "The Journal" - comic the "Yellow Kid" journalistic sensationalism to create sympathy for the Cuban people in their struggle against Spain

"Remember the Maine"

"Remember the Maine" - battle cry for the Spanish-American War - in reference to the explosion on the
U.S.S. Maine which killed 266 crewmen - the U.S.S. Maine was in the port of Havana to protect American lives and business interests

Spanish-American War

-U.S. declares war on spain
-Philippines: Admiral George Dewey
-Cuba: one major land battle, battle of El Caney+ San Juan Hill
-Teddy Roosevelt: Rough Riders
-U.S. won El caney and san juan hill, u.s. sank all ships
-war basically over july 4 1899
-most u.s. troops died from heat or disease
-peace treaty: july 17th, cuba now independent

US-Philippine War

-Brutal Guerilla war
-U.S. lost 4,000 troops
-Filipinos lost around 20,000

Open Door Policy

U.S. trade policy in China - enforced after the Boxer Rebellion - where the Chinese rebelled against Japan and the European nations that controlled trade in China; the U.S. also maintained trade in China but wanted an open door to allow free trade between nations

John Hay

Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese revolt against Japan and the European nations that controlled trade in China; these nations maintained closed ports that did not allow for free and open trade

Panama Canal

being built by France - the U.S. wanted control of this canal for security and trade interests
- 1902 U.S. offered a treaty to Columbia for a lease to the canal - this treaty was refused by Columbia - President Teddy Roosevelt helped bankrupt the French company and then supported a revolt in Panama-the U.S. recognized the new nation of Panama and a treaty was signed with the U.S. to complete the construction of the canal and provide the U.S. with a lease

Plight of urban working class

- led to reform movement by expanding urban middle class
-especially college educated women

Reform movement

wanted better working and living conditions

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

-March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside building
-141 dead
-led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Southern African Americans moving to southern cities and to the north

-trying to escape poor economic conditions and discrimination
-still faced bigotry in the north

Jazz music

-American musical achievement
-highly popular
-developed by African Americans

New Working Class Union

-Industrial workers of the world (IWW/Wobblies) affected by socialism
-wanted to overthrow capitalism
-William "Big Bill" Haywood

Thorstein Veblin

-Theory of the Leisure Class
-Conspicuous Consumption
-progressive reformer

John Dewey

-He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education.
-He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."
-progressive reformer

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Along with John Marshall, he is often considered considered one of the greatest justices in Supreme Court history. His opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. He argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law
(progressive reformer)

Muckraking Journalism

-Journalism to expose the corruption present in the business and politics
-Ida Tarbell: journalist, McClures magazine, wrote about abuses of standard oil

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Wisconsin Idea

A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations.