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How many broadcast signals are there?
4
Broadcast signals hold data, which includes...
Images
Sounds
Graphic art
Electronic lettering
Broadcast signals control the...
Brightness of the image
Color of the image
Audio from the image
Synchronization of the transmitter and the receiver (a TV set)
Watching TV involves several steps...
We look at an image on the screen
That picture stays imprinted on our retina for just a fraction of a second
As we watch a sequence of rapid images at the right speed, an illusion is created of a complete and uninterrupted picture
Persistence of vision
As we watch a sequence of rapid images at the right speed, an illusion is created of a complete and uninterrupted picture
Pixels are made from three colors...
Red
Green
Blue
The American broadcast standard is...
525-line, a 30-frames-per-second picture called the NTSC format
Since 1941, standard American TV sets were designed to display an aspect ratio of...
4:3
Paul Nipkow
German engineer
In 1884 he designed the primary component of early mechanical television systems called the scanning disk He called his early conceptual design an “electric telescope,” although he never actually built the device itself
Karl Braun
German physicist
In 1897 he invented the first cathode-ray tube, which forms the basis of most modern TV sets
Boris Rosing
He was exploring the cathode-ray tube by 1906 He has been credited with discovering the theory for electronic television via wireless transmission in 1911 by using the Braun tube and the research of other scientists and engineers
One of Rosing’s students was Vladimir Zworykin, with whom Rosing created “very crude images” and whose work would be integral to the advancement of television
John Logie Baird
Scottish entrepreneur
Had an engineering background
Often called the pioneer of mechanical television
He was the first to transmit a moving image using a mechanical television system in 1925 By 1930, the British public could either buy Baird kits or readymade TV sets to receive the broadcasts
Philo T. Farnsworth
Mormon teenager who conceptualized the technology of television while plowing his rural fields
He had designed the first all-electronic television system, patenting it in 1927 and holding its public premiere in 1928 Farnsworth’s invention in tandem with Zworykin’s “Iconoscope” combined to create all-electronic broadcasting in 1939
Charles Francis Jenkins
He developed “radio movies to be broadcast for entertainment in the home.”
In 1925, he broadcast a toy windmill as a moving silhouette over a five-mile distance to Washington, D.C.
Vladimir Zworykin
Russian immigrant
His research contributed to RCA’s domination of the infant television market by first manufacturing TV sets, then setting up the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
His efforts resulted in the Iconoscope, an early electronic camera tube that he patented in 1923, as well as an all-electronic TV receiver that utilized a picture tube, called a kinescope
Making a TV program relies on a complex system of factors...
A good story
Producers, writers, directors, actors, and a complete crew
Money to finance it
Time to complete it
A guarantee that it will air or reach the desired end-user
Camera and audio equipment to videotape the image and record the audio
Technology to transmit pictures and sound
Satellites, cable, and electricity
Guglielmo Marconi
Played a key role in the invention of the television
Italian inventor
Discovered a method of transmitting
Morse code over limited distances by using electromagnetic waves In 1896 his “wireless” telegraph crossed the globe
He claimed responsibility for the broadcast—a transmission of sound waves that could move in all directions, follow the earth’s curvature, and be picked up by a receiver on the other end
David Sarnoff
A young Russian immigrant
Worked as an office boy at Marconi’s company
He realized the potential of Marconi’s growing company
He is now known as one of the founding fathers of NBC
Constantin Perskyi
He was the first person known to bring the word “television” into the public’s consciousness, during the First International Congress of Electricity
Paul Nipkow
He invented the design for the scanning disk
It became the foundation for other mechanical television systems
Charles Francis Jenkins
1925 Successfully transmitted an image that was mechanically scanned
The same year John Logie Baird transmitted pictures in his lab
Dr. Herbert Ives of Bell Telephone Labs
1927 Introduced his television research program, by transmitting an image of a tap dancer on top of a New York skyscraper, which was carried through phone wires
Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson
1928 His first regular broadcasts on W2XB began in Schenectady, New York
An engineer
He demonstrated a television system that operated on revolving mirrors
Unfortunately, very few people owned the Alexanderson TV sets that were necessary to watch the telecasts
Baird Television
1928 They proclaimed the first all-mechanical television system, in color
This system appeared to be satisfactory at the time; it would be several years before investors would fund research for a better way to capture, transmit, and receive an image by using electronics and moving away from the cumbersome mechanical system
German Television
1929 They began as electromechanical broadcasts
Transmitted without sound for five more years
Canadian Television
1936 The Canadian Broadcast Company (CBC) was formalized
1952 The CBC began television broadcasting
Eventually, it adopted the NTSC 525-line standard of its American neighbors
The Montreal station is transmitted in both French and English, and its Toronto flagship station is in English
French television
1935 Their first official channel debuted at a primitive 60 lines
1935 By the end of the year, the channel was broadcasting from the Eiffel Tower on 180 lines
1937 They had switched over to an electronic system
1940 The tower’s transmitter was sabotaged, and French television was subsequently seized by the German occupying forces
1944 Paris and its television channel were liberated by the Americans
National Television System Committee
1936 A landmark breakthrough came with the introduction of coaxial cable
1941 Comprised primarily of engineers, the NTSC researched and recommended a comprehensive set of standards for electronic television that was adopted
This prompted the FCC to create the NTSC (the National Television System Committee)
The majority of these original guidelines are still in effect today
The first TV commercial
Bulova watches
NBC
The Blue network transmitted programs that were more cultural in content like drama, music, and thoughtful commentary
The Red network favored entertainment and comedy
The Birth of Madison Avenue
Advertisers recognized television’s value as a marketplace with which to sell products
Television’s Golden Age had begun
With the end of World War II, the economy essentially recovered and stabilized, and television became so popular that magazines regularly featured articles on home decorating with the TV set as the centerpiece
The FCC guidelines included...
The assignment of very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF) channels
Electronic character generator
It could create opening and closing credits as well as superimpose words over a picture and lower thirds that can spell out the speaker’s name, occupation, and/or location under his or her picture on the screen
Slo-mo
The ability to first record a picture and then replay it in slow motion
Television now is controlled by the consumer and can be...
Totally flexible
Searched
Manipulated
Stored
Accessed at the viewer’s whim
Multichoice
Able to be customized
Interactive
Watched when and where the viewer chooses
Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
Also called personal video recorders
They can be programmed to record several programs, which are then stored on a hard drive so that the user can choose when to view them
DVR is generally combined with digital TV service and can be accessed, played, rewound, and paused at will
DVRs also provide menus and guides that tell the viewer how to access a program, and usually supply specific facts about each show
Video on Demand (VOD)
A system that gives its user a variety of ways in which to watch video, film, and user-generated content
It searches, selects, stores, and screens content
Multicasting
Broadcasters who transmit their programming via digital signals can send out one high-quality, high-definition picture—or, by using the same amount of signal, they can multicast four regular, standard-definition pictures
The transmission services include
Broadcast towers
Satellite dishes
Direct satellite system (DSS)
Internet
Mobile phones
Digital transmission can deliver data that gives our TV sets the potential to be interactive so that we can...
Vote
Shop
Order specialized programs
Digital transmission is transmitted via...
An aerial tower
Phone lines
Cable into either a box on top of the user’s TV
Decoder built into the set
Interactive TV (ITV)
Involves a digital signal that can transmit a multitude of images and sound as well as graphics, games, forms of information, and whatever available data a broadcaster wants to add to its signal
Networks air their shows with an Internet component of “Enhanced TV” that encourages viewers to play along with game shows and to watch the short ads that either play in the shows or are embedded
How Television works...
Television content - what is seen on our sets - comes into our TV set via broadcast signals
There are four broadcast signals
Broadcast signals are transmitted through virtually the same radio waves that deliver a radio show
Broadcast signals hold data, which includes...
Images
Sounds
Graphic art
Electronic lettering
Broadcast signals control the...
Brightness of the image
Color of the image
Audio from the image
Synchronization of the transmitter and the receiver (a TV set)
Watching TV involves several steps...
We look at an image on the screen
That picture stays imprinted on our retina for just a fraction of a second
This phenomenon is known as the persistence of vision; as we watch a sequence of rapid images at the right speed, an illusion is created of a complete and uninterrupted picture
Lines and Pixels
In early television, scanning wheels created a picture by scanning an image slowly, line by line
The blurry images on the earliest sets were comprised of only 48 scanned lines. Now, modern color sets reflect a picture made from several hundred scanned lines
These lines contain over 100,000 rectangular or square picture elements known as pixels, a short version of “picture elements”
Our TV screen is coated with fluorescent compounds consisting of millions of minuscule dots that give off light as they’re hit by electrons at high speed
For an image to be transmitted and broadcast by electronic impulses, this image is first broken down into tiny pixels using a scanning process. Thousands of these pixels form lines that are rapidly transmitted, one line at a time
The pixels are combined on a phosphor screen, close enough together that they appear to be just one color
Each of the pixels is made from three colors...
Red
Green
Blue
NTSC format
The American broadcast standard
A 525-line, 30-frames-per-second picture
Since 1941, standard American TV sets were designed to display an aspect ratio of...
4:3
Paul Nipkow
German engineer
In 1884 he designed the primary component of early mechanical television systems called the scanning disk He called his early conceptual design an “electric telescope,” although he never actually built the device itself
Karl Braun
German physicist
In 1897 he invented the first cathode-ray tube, which forms the basis of most modern TV sets
Boris Rosing
He was exploring the cathode-ray tube by 1906 He has been credited with discovering the theory for electronic television via wireless transmission in 1911 by using the Braun tube and the research of other scientists and engineers
One of Rosing’s students was Vladimir Zworykin, with whom Rosing created “very crude images” and whose work would be integral to the advancement of television
John Logie Baird
Scottish entrepreneur
Had an engineering background
Often called the pioneer of mechanical television
He was the first to transmit a moving image using a mechanical television system in 1925 By 1930, the British public could either buy Baird kits or readymade TV sets to receive the broadcasts
Philo T. Farnsworth
Mormon teenager who conceptualized the technology of television while plowing his rural fields
He had designed the first all-electronic television system, patenting it in 1927 and holding its public premiere in 1928 Farnsworth’s invention in tandem with Zworykin’s “Iconoscope” combined to create all-electronic broadcasting in 1939
Charles Francis Jenkins
He developed “radio movies to be broadcast for entertainment in the home.”
In 1925, he broadcast a toy windmill as a moving silhouette over a five-mile distance to Washington, D.C.
Vladimir Zworykin
Russian immigrant
His research contributed to RCA’s domination of the infant television market by first manufacturing TV sets, then setting up the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
His efforts resulted in the Iconoscope, an early electronic camera tube that he patented in 1923, as well as an all-electronic TV receiver that utilized a picture tube, called a kinescope
Making a TV program relies on a complex system of factors...
A good story
Producers, writers, directors, actors, and a complete crew
Money to finance it
Time to complete it
A guarantee that it will air or reach the desired end-user
Camera and audio equipment to videotape the image and record the audio
Technology to transmit pictures and sound
Satellites, cable, and electricity
Guglielmo Marconi
Played a key role in the invention of the television
Italian inventor
Discovered a method of transmitting
Morse code over limited distances by using electromagnetic waves In 1896 his “wireless” telegraph crossed the globe
He claimed responsibility for the broadcast—a transmission of sound waves that could move in all directions, follow the earth’s curvature, and be picked up by a receiver on the other end
David Sarnoff
Young Russian immigrant
Worked as an office boy at Marconi’s company
He realized the potential of Marconi’s growing company
He is now known as one of the founding fathers of NBC
Constantin Perskyi
He was the first person known to bring the word “television” into the public’s consciousness, during the First International Congress of Electricity
Television now is controlled by the consumer and can be...
Totally flexible
Searched
Manipulated
Stored
Accessed at the viewer’s whim
Multichoice
Able to be customized
Interactive
Watched when and where the viewer chooses
Note
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