Cross-culture test 2

Education Across Cultures

Different cultures vary in time spent in school, subjects taught, and educational outcomes

WEIRD Cultures (Education)

Emphasize formal schooling centered on literacy and writing

Practical Education

Learning useful skills like farming for everyday life

One-Room Schools (1700s)

Small schools, no women, education up to 8th grade, practical focus

One-Room Schools (1800s)

Included women, met only a few months per year, up to 8th grade

Laura Ingalls Wilder

Teacher and author who taught before age 16

Teacher Requirements (1800s)

Needed about an 8th-grade education

Teacher Requirements (Modern)

Must pass standardized and subject tests

11th grade

By the 1940s, schooling expanded to —————

George Washington Carver

Agricultural scientist known for work with peanuts

Trivium

Grammar, logic, rhetoric

Quadrivium

Arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy

Chinese Education System

Focused on memorizing Confucian texts and civil service exams

Civil Service Exams

Days-long tests taken in isolation to reduce cheating

Four Chinese Skills

Music, strategy, calligraphy, painting

Democratic Localism

Schools funded by local property taxes, causing inequality

Land Ordinance of 1785

Reserved land in each township for schools

National Education Systems (Other Countries)

Controlled at the national level rather than local

Booker T. Washington

Advocated vocational education for Black Americans

Talented Tenth

Idea that top educated Black individuals should lead advancement

First IQ Test

Created by Binet and Simon to identify struggling students

Mental Age vs Chronological Age

Comparison used to measure intelligence

Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age × 100

IQ Formula

100

Average IQ

Wechsler Scales

Measures verbal and performance intelligence

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

A culture-free test based on pattern recognition

Difficulty of Culture-Free Tests

May measure pattern recognition rather than true intelligence

Global Education Testing

Focuses mostly on math and science

8th grade

Graduation Level (Pre-1800s)

Educational Choice (Past vs Present)

Previously controlled by parents; now individual choice

Segregation in Education

Black students attended separate, unequal schools

About 90%

High School Graduation Rate

Conspicuous Consumption

Buying goods to display wealth or status

Epics (Iliad, Shakespeare)

Meant to be heard or performed, not read

Family as Social Unit

Primary building block of society

Aristotle’s “Political Animal”

Humans need society to function and develop

Confucianism (Ren)

Emphasizes social roles and relationships

Consanguines

Relatives by blood

Affines

Relatives by marriage

Patrilineal

Lineage traced through the father

Matrilineal

Lineage traced through the mother

Bilateral

Lineage traced through both parents

Kinship Chart Symbols

Triangle = male, circle = female, square = ego

Partus Sequitur Ventrem

Status of child follows the mother

Cherokee Society

Matrilineal; identity through mother’s clan

Matrilineal Structure

Men hold power but require women’s consensus

Fecundity Control

Women’s ability to control reproduction independently

Family Proximity

Physical closeness to relatives affects relationships

Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle

Small groups, traveled about 15 miles per day

Catalhoyuk in Turkey

First City

City Living

Large populations, specialization, social complexity

Reasonable Traveling Distance

Influences placement of homes and services

Node

An individual in a social network

Edge

Connection between individuals in the social network

(N² − N) ÷ 2

Social Complexity Formula

Dunbar’s Number

About 150 stable social relationships

Neocortex Size

Linked to group size in primates

Sumner’s Norms

Systems of social control

Folkways

Everyday behaviors enforced by mild social pressure

Mores

Strong norms with serious consequences if violated

Trade Networks

Help reduce conflict and connect societies

Haudenosaunee

Iroquois; Means “people of the longhouse”

Conflict Resolution

Emphasized consensus within Iroquois community

Paternal Assurance

Need for fathers to confirm biological parenthood