BSC2086 Exam 3 Study Guide.docx

Lymphatic vessels

Vessels that carry lymph throughout the body to lymph nodes.

Lymph

Fluid in lymphatic vessels.

Lymph nodes

Stations that filter lymph and prevent harmful agents from entering the bloodstream.

Lacteals

Specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa that absorb digested fat.

characteristics of lymphatic vessels

One-way valves in lymphatic capillaries that increase permeability.

Immune cells

Cells like lymphocytes that manage immune responses.

T cells

Type of lymphocyte that manages immune response and can attack infected cells.

Macrophages

Immune cells that phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells.

Antigen-presenting cells

Cells that engulf antigens and present fragments to T cells for recognition.

Transpulmonary pressure

Ppul - Pip: Pressure that keeps lungs from collapsing.

Boyle's Law

States that pressure varies inversely with volume.

Tidal volume

Amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breath.

Surfactant

Lipid and protein complex that helps reduce surface tension in alveoli.

Respiratory volumes

Measurements of the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with different phases.

Dead space

Air that does not participate in gas exchange.

Haldane effect

The lower the pO2 and hemoglobin saturation, the more CO2 can be carried in blood.

Enterogastric reflex

Nervous reflex that slows or stops the stomach from emptying into the small intestine.

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Hormone that regulates digestion and appetite.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move contents in one direction through the digestive tract.

Segmentation

Mixing process in the intestines that helps digest food.

MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

Tissue that protects from pathogens trying to enter the body.

Primary immune response

Cell proliferation and differentiation upon first exposure to an antigen.

Secondary immune response

Quicker, more effective response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Lymphatic system

Network of vessels and organs that help maintain fluid balance and facilitate immune responses.

Red bone marrow

Tissue where B cells mature and where all blood cells are formed.

Spleen

Organ that filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and helps produce lymphocytes.

Thymus

Gland where T cells mature, located above the heart.

Cortex (thymus)

Outer region of the thymus where T cell development occurs.

Medulla (thymus)

Inner region of the thymus where mature T cells are released.

Innate immunity

The body's first line of defense against infections, includes physical barriers and immune cells.

Adaptive immunity

Specific immune response that develops over time, involving T and B cells.

Plasma cells

B cells that produce antibodies in response to an antigen.

Memory cells

Long-lived lymphocytes that provide lasting immunity against specific antigens.

Cytokines

Signaling molecules that mediate communication between immune cells.

Phagocytosis

Process by which certain immune cells engulf and digest pathogens.

Helper T cells

Type of T cell that aids in the activation of B cells and other T cells.

Cytotoxic T cells

Type of T cell that directly attacks and destroys infected or cancerous cells.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that specifically target antigens.

Active immunity

Immunity gained through exposure to a disease or vaccination.

Passive immunity

Temporary immunity acquired through antibodies from another source (e.g., mother to baby).

Hematopoiesis

Process of blood cell formation occurring in the bone marrow.

Lymphatic ducts

Large lymph vessels that return lymph to the bloodstream.

Chyle

Milky fluid consisting of fat droplets and lymph, formed in the digestive system.

Immunoglobulins

Another term for antibodies, classified into five main types: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD.

Autoimmunity

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

Lymphocyte activation

Process by which lymphocytes are triggered to proliferate and differentiate in response to an antigen.

Germinal centers

Sites within lymph nodes where B cells proliferate and mature.

Antigenic determinant (epitope)

Specific part of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody or T cell receptor.

Cell-mediated immunity

Immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather the activation of T cells.

Humoral immunity

Immune response that involves antibodies produced by B cells.

Immunization

Process by which exposure to disease is limited by vaccination.

Natural killer (NK) cells

Type of lymphocyte that can directly kill infected or cancerous cells.

Regulatory T cells

T cells that help control the immune response and maintain tolerance to self-antigens.

Lymphadenopathy

Swelling of lymph nodes typically due to infection, inflammation, or malignancy.

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled

expiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

residual volume

the amount of air always remaining in the lungs

inspiratory capacity

sum of tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

functional residual capacity

sum of residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

vital capacity

sum of tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

total lung capacity

total amount of air the lungs can hold (sum of all lung volumes)

total dead space

sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

alveolar dead space

space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli

anatomical dead space

air that remains in passageways; it does not participate in gas exchange.

forced vital capacity

amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking deep breaths

forced expiratory volume

amount of gas expelled during specific time interval

minute ventilation

total amount of gas that is inhaled or exhaled in one minute.

external respiration

diffusion of gases between lungs and blood

internal respiration

diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

daltons law of partial pressures

states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.

boyle’s law

states that the pressure of a gas decreases as its volume increases, provided the temperature remains constant.

bohr effect

describes the physiological phenomenon where an increase in carbon dioxide concentration or a decrease in pH results in hemoglobin releasing oxygen more readily.

haldane effect

the lower the pO2 and hemoglobin saturation, the more CO2 can be carried in blood

1. ingestion

2. propulsion

3. mechanical breakdown

4. digestion

5. absorption

6. defecation

6 essential parts of digestive processes

short reflexes

mediated by enteric nervous system (gut brain); responds to stimuli in GI tract

long reflexes

respond to stimuli outside of gut and are mediated by the central nervous system, involving the brain and spinal cord.

Buccal phase

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase begins

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase continues

Peristalsis moves food through esophagus and into stomach

Sphincter at top of stomach closes, preventing regurgitation

steps of deglutition

regulation of gastric secretion

1. cephalic phase - triggered by senses

2. gastric phase - release of gastric juices

3. intestinal phase - activating stretch receptors, initiating long and short reflexes

low pH

what inhibits gastric phase

receptive relaxation

reflex-mediated relaxation of smooth muscle coordinated by swallowing center of brain stem

gastric accommodation

intrinsic ability of smooth muscle to exhibit stress-relaxation response, enables hollow organs to stretch without increasing tension or contractions

Segmentation

A process in the intestines that involves rhythmic contractions to mix food and promote digestion.

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscle contractions that move contents through the digestive tract in one direction.

defecation reflex

the stimulation of sigmoid colon and rectum