Myer's AP Psychology Unit 10

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59 Terms

1

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2

psychoanalytic theory

Sigmund Freud's theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

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3

humanistic approach

focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

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4

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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5

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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6

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

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7

preconscious

an area in which we can retrieve them into conscious awareness

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8

repress

forcibly block from our consciousness

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9

manisfest content

remember the content of dreams

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10

latent content

censored expression of the dreamer's unconscious wishes

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11

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

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12

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

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13

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standard for judgments (the conscience) and for future aspirations

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14

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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15

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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16

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

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17

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

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18

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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19

repression

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

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20

regression

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

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21

reaction formation

defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus people, may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

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22

projection

defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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23

rationalization

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

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24

displacement

defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

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25

sublimation

defense mechanism by which people re-channel their inacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

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26

denial

defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even perceive painful realities

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27

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

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28

projective test

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

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29

Thematic Apperception Test

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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30

Rorschach Inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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31

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

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32

terror management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's responses to reminders of their impending deat

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33

third force perspective

Maslow & Rogers perspective that emphasized human potential

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34

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

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35

peak experience

ones that surpass ordinary consciousness

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36

self-transcendence

meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self

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37

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

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38

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

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39

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior of a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

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40

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

a test according to Carl Jung's personality types in an attempt to figure out one's personality

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41

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence

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42

personality inventory

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

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43

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

developed to identify emotional disorders

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44

empirically derived test

developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

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45

person-situation controversy

while personality traits may be enduring, the resulting behavior in different situations is different

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46

social cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context

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47

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

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48

personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

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49

external locus control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

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50

internal locus control

the perception that you control your own fate

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51

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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52

tyranny of choice

brings information overload and a greater likelihood that we will feel regret over some of the unchosen options

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53

postive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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54

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions

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55

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

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56

self- esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

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57

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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58

individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than a group identifications

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59

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

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