Economic Importance of Bacteria

Leather Tanning

is primarily brought about by sunlight but certain bacteria break down the soft perishable parts of the skin (hide)

Toxoids

are the inactivated toxins of the particular bacteria, which can still stimulate the production of the respective antibodies such as those for producing immunity against diphtheria and tetanus.

chemical substance

An antibiotic is a(n) produced by living organisms that can stop the growth of disease- producing bacteria and fungi.

Snake bite treatment

involves injecting the particular anti- venom produced from the blood of horses, etc.

N2

Denitrifying Bacteria are the bacteria present in the soil, which break down the soil nitrates to release nitrogen gas () that enters the atmosphere.

Vaccines

are available for a variety of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, measles, chickenpox, etc.

Botulism

is a very serious food poisoning due to a special bacterium sometimes found in tinned and sealed foods (the affected cans get distended at their ends with gas which gushes out on opening- such suspected foods should be completely discarded.

Plants

need nitrogen for synthesizing proteins, but they can not make use of the free atmospheric nitrogen.

Pasteurization

kills a majority of the bacteria that are present, including the disease- causing ones.

healthy animal

For preparing serum, a small dose of bacterial toxin is introduced into the blood of a(n) such as a horse or cow.

plasmolysis

The increased concentration of the solutes causes and death of any bacteria, or mold that may creep in.

Nutrition

: Most bacteria have no chlorophyll, therefore, they depend on readymade food from different sources (heterotrophic)

Movement

: Most bacteria can not move about by their own effort and they are only passively transported by wind, water, or contact.

chlorophyll

They have no and their body is not differentiated into parts like root, stem, leaves, and flowers.

green pigment

The cytoplasm contains vacuoles, granules, and, in very few cases, some as well.

Tuberculosis

: Lungs affected, dry husky cough.

Microbes

(bacteria and molds) do not grow and multiply at or below the freezing point of water.

Genetic engineering

has made it possible to introduce human genes in certain bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. coli)

primitive organisms

Bacteria are consisting of single cells (prokaryotes, without a true nucleus)

1929

In Alexander Fleming observed that sorry bacteria growing in culture were destroyed by accidental contamination of a mold Penicillium notatum.

Anthrax

: Swelling on the body and reduced milk.

hormone insulin

The was the first such substance produced by E. coli.

Respiration

: Some bacteria by absorbing atmospheric oxygen (aerobic), and others need no free oxygen (anaerobic)

Serums

are used as a preventive measure against bacterial invasion.

particular disease

The antitoxins provide immunity against any future attack of the germs.

Radioactive radiation

has been tried in sterilizing certain foods without themselves becoming radioactive, but the practice is not yet in much use.

Penicillin

: The first produced antibiotic (from a fungus and not a bacterium)

Size

Bacteria are the smallest living organisms on earth, with an average size of 2 micrometers long and 0-5 micrometers thick (1 micrometer = one-thousandth of a millimeter)

Shape

Shape-wise, the bacteria are usually of four types

Structure

Each individual bacterium is rather a simple cell

Movement

Most bacteria cannot move about by their own effort and they are only passively transported by wind, water, or contact

Nutrition

Most bacteria have no chlorophyll, therefore, they depend on readymade food from different sources (heterotrophic)

Respiration

Some bacteria respire by absorbing atmospheric oxygen (aerobic), and others need no free oxygen (anaerobic)

Reproduction

Reproduction in bacteria is only asexual by means of fission or cell division

Examples

 streptomycin, chloromycetin tetracycline, and penicillin

Penicillin

The first produced antibiotic (from a fungus and not a bacterium)

Killed bacteria

for TAB vaccine for typhoid

Living weakened bacteria

for BCG vaccine for tuberculosis

Botulism is a very serious food poisoning due to a special bacterium sometimes found in tinned and sealed foods (the affected cans get distended at their ends with gas which gushes out on opening

such suspected foods should be completely discarded

Higher temperatures (about 110° C) at increased pressure (as in an autoclave, or in a pressure

cooker) kill even the spores

Domestic refrigerator cools at 0

5°C for short-term storage

Anthrax

Swelling on the body and reduced milk

Tuberculosis

Lungs affected, dry husky cough