Hormones !

P/R= produce/ release

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

(TRH)

__P/R:__ hypothalamus

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__Target cell:__ cells of anterior pituitary, produce TSH

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__Actions:__ stimulates cells of anterior pituitary to P/R TSH

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__Stimuli for release:__

* low blood thyroid hormone
* cold
* pregnancy
* high sympathetic inputs

__Inhibited by__

* (-) feedback by TH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

__P/R:__ ==Cells of anterior pituitary==

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__Target cell:__ cells of thyroid gland

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__Actions:__ stimulates thyroid gland to p/r TH

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__Stimuli for release:__

* TRSH from hypothalamus

__Inhibited by__

* (-) feedback by TH on anterior pituitary + hypothalamus

Thyroid hormone (TH or T3, T4)

__P/R:__ ==thyroid gland==

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__Target cell:__ all cells

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__Action:__

* baseline metabolic rate
* ↑ ❤️ rate + body temp
* ↑ Na+/K+ ATP cell membrane pump activity
* ↑ mitochondrial #, activity

__Stimuli for release:__ TSH

__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

__P/R:__ hypothalamus

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__Target cell:__ cells of anterior making GH

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__Action:__

* stimulates cells of anterior pituitary from P/R

__GH Stimuli for release:__

* pulsatile pattern w/ inc sleep, exercise, protein starvation

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__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

__P/R:__ hypothalamus

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__Target cell:__ cells of anterior making GH

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__Action:__

* inhibits cells of anterior pituitary from P/R

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__GH Stimuli for release:__

* GH, IGFs

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__Inhibited by:__ stimuli that triggers GHRH

Growth Hormone (GH)

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aka: somatostatin

__P/R:__ cells of anterior pituitary

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__Target cells:__ all cells (esp musculoskeletal sys)

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__Actions:__

* stimulates cells to uptake proteins for growth
* promotes cells to utilize FA for E
* stimulates liver to make IGFs

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__Stimuli for release:__

* GHRH

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__Inhibited by:__

* GHIH (somatostatin)

Insulin like growth factors (IGFs)

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aka: somatomedians

__P/R:__ liver

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__Target cells__: all cells

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__Actions__:

* stim cells to uptake proteins for growth (esp muscle, bone, cartilage
* promotes cells to utilize FA for E

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__Stimuli for release:__ GH

__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback mechanism that limits GH

Glycagon

__P/R:__ pancreas (α- cells)

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__Target cells:__

* muscle, liver, fat

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__Actions:__

* glycogen breakdown in muscle
* glycogenolysis, glyconeogenesis in liver
* fat lysis stimuli

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__Stimuli for release:__

* low blood sugar
* high sympathetic inputs
* high blood AA

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__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback

Insulin

__P/R__: pancreas (β cells)

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__Target cells__: all cells (expect neural)

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__Action__:

* stimulates cells to uptake glucose
* stimulate live, cells to male glycogen
* stimulates glucose conversion to fat; fat storage
* AA uptake/ protein formation

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__Stimuli for release:__

* high blood sugar
* high parasymp inputs
* high blood AA/ FA
* any hyperglycemic agent

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__Inhibited by:__

* typical (-) feedback

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

__P/R:__ parathyroid glands

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__Target cells:__

* bone
* GI tract
* kidney

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__Actions:__

* stim osteoclast to destroy bone
* release Ca2+ into blood
* stim abs of Ca2+ into GI tract
* inhibits Ca2+ loss in urine

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__Stimuli for release:__ low blood Ca2+

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__Inhibited by:__ Typical (-) feedback

Calcitonin

__P/R:__ thyroid gland

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__Target cells:__

* bone
* GI tract
* Kidney

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__Actions:__

* stim osteoblasts to build bone (removing Ca2+ from blood)
* inhibits Ca2+ abs into GI tract
* promotes Ca2+ loss in urine

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__Stimuli release__

* high blood Ca2+

__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback

Cortiocotropin releasing factor (CRH)

__P/R:__ hypothalamus

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__Target cell:__ cells of anterior pituitary that makes ACTH

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__Action:__ stim anterior pituitary to P/R

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__ACTH Stimuli for release:__

* daily biorhythms
* mental or physical stressors

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__Inhibited by:__ (-) feedback by corticosteroids on hypothalamus

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

__P/R:__ anterior pituitary

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__Target cells:__ cells of adrenal cortex

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__Actions:__ stim adrenal cortex to P/R corticosteroids

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__Stimuli for release:__ CRH from hypothalamus

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__Inhibited by:__

* ↓ CRH
* (-) feedback by corticosteroids

Glycocorticoids

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(cortisol, corticosterone, etc.)

__P/R:__ adrenal cortex

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__Target cells:__ liver, all cells

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__Actions:__

* glyconeogenesis in liver
* protein destruction (to make AA avail for gluconeogenesis)
* immune supression
* some fat lysis

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__Stimuli for release:__ ACTH

__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback

Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine

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(adrenaline)

__P/R:__ adrenal medulla

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__Target cells__: all cells

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__Action:__ sympathetic effects on body cells

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__Stimuli for release:__ neurogenic stimuli that provoke sympathetic effects

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__Inhibited by:__ parasympathetic actvitites

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

__prod:__ hypothalamus

__release:__ posterior pituitary

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__Target cells:__ BV, kidney nephrons

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__Actions:__

* BV constriction
* kidney retention of water

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__Stimuli for release__

* high blood salt (osmoreceptor in hypo)
* low BP

Oxytocin

__prod:__ hypothalamus

__release:__ posterior pituitary

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Target cells:

* uterine muscle
* myoepithelial cells of mammary ducts

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__Actions:__

* contraction of uterine mucles (labor/delivery, orgasm)
* milk ejections from mammary glands

__Stimuli for release:__

* uterus stretching
* nipple stimulation

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

__P/R:__ hypothalamus

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__Target cells:__ cells of anterior pituitary that prod FSH + LH

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__LH Actions:__ stimulates cells of anterior pituitary to p/r FSH and LH

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__Stimuli for release:__

* puberty
* low sex hormones

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__Inhibited by:__ (-) feedback by estrogen/testosterone,FSH, LH on hypothalamus

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

P/R: cells of anterior pituitary

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Target cells: Gonads (♂ interstitial (Leydig) cells, ♀follice cells/egfs)

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Actions:

* stim eggs division, ovulation/ secretion of estrogen/ progesterone by ovaries
* stim secretion of testosterone by testes

Stimuli for release:

* GnRH from hypo, triggered by puberty

Inhibited by:

(-) feedback by estrogen + testosterone on hypo and anterior pituitary

Testosterone

__P/R:__ Leydig (interstitial) cells of testes

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__Target cells:__

* all cells
* sustentacular (Sertoli) cells

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__Actions:__

* sperm formation
* secondary sexual characteristics
* body growth, sex organ maintaintence
* libido, CNS health

__Stimuli for release:__ LH

__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback

Estrogen

__P/R:__ follicle cells of ovaries-- placenta

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__Target cells:__

* all cells
* uterus
* ovary

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__Actions:__

* promotes ovulation through (+) feedback on anterior pituitary/ hypo
* reg uterine cycle, proliferative phase
* secondary sexual characteristics
* ↑ bone mass, fat deposition, devel of sexual organs

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__Stimuli for release:__ LH

__Inhibited by:__ typical (-) feedback

Progesterone

__P/R:__

* follicle cells of ovary (corpus luteum)
* placenta

__Target cells__

* uterus
* breasts

__Actions:__

* “pregnancy hormone;” reg secretory phase of uterine cycle
* at breast, development of milk producing tissue (not milk prod)

__Stimuli for release:__ LH

__Inhibited by:__ Typical negative feedback

Inhibin

__P/R:__ Cells of testes and ovary

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__Target cells:__

* Hypothalamus
* Cells of anterior pituitary that make
FSH

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__Actions:__

Inhibit production of GnRH or FSH or LH

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__Stimuli for release:__

* High levels of
* testosterone
* estrogen
* progesterone

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__Inhibited by__: Typical negative feedback

Prolactin

__P/R:__ Anterior Pituitary

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__Target cells:__ Mammary glands

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__Actions:__

* Mitosis of mammary gland epithelia
* Action of mammary gland epithelia to make milk
* Role in male: testosterone production?

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__Stimuli for release:__

* Suckling infant, pregnancy, hypothyroidism
* Removal of PIH

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__Inhibited by:__

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) from hypothalamus (this is actually dopamine!), negative feedback 

Which are peptide hormones

* Prolactin
* ADH
* Oxytocin
* PTH
* ANP (you will meet this in 343)
* Glucagon/Insulin
* GH, GHIH, GHRH, IGFs
* GNRH, FSH/LH, Inhibin
* TSH/TRH
* Calcitonin
* CRH, ACTH

Which are fat-solube hormones?

* Estrogen


* Progesterone
* Testosterone
* Androgen
* TH (T3/T4)
* Glucocorticoids
* Cortisol, etc.

Which are Catecholamines?

Epinephrine, NE, etc.