Atom Economy

What does Yield mean ?

Yield tell us how efficient a reaction is.

how to calculate percentage yield

% yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100

Atom Economy

Is a measure of the proportion of reactant atoms that become part of the desired product ( rather than by products ) in the balanced chemical reaction.

Why do we want high atom economy ?

1) economically more viable → more product produced / less waste

2) Ethically Viable → use Ewen raw materials that may be limited in supply

→ more sustainable given scale resources

3) Chemical companies produce more cheaper medications

How to calculate atom economy?

Atom Economy = Molecular mass of desired product / sum of molecular mass of all reactants x 100

Atom Economy in industry

Companies are more likely to choose HIGH Atom economy

→ More economics benefits as more product will be produced

→ More environmental friendly cuz less waste product

Reactions with low atom economy

Use more raw material that is already in limited supply. + Less sustainable

Lots of wast product , it also cost money to separate the desired product rom the waste

However : some waste product may be useful / can be used or recycled

Eg : gases / salts / acids

What reactions made 100 % atom economy

Addition Reaction + Reactions that only made one product

What reaction will made an atom economy that’s less than 100 &

Substitution reaction

What is water of crystallization

Water of crystallization is water in a lattice

How to make water crystalline ?

Often water is needed by salts within their structure to make them crystalline

• Hydrated / Hydrates

If they contain no water they’re called ( Anhydrous )

Water molecules contained within crystalline structure of compound - bond by hydrogen bond

What are sold salt contain water of crystallization called ?

Hydrated

Salt = Anhydrous ← if it doesn’t contain water of crystallization

How does water of crystallization work ?

The s- oxygen atom in water are attracted to the positively charged ions in the lattice

The s+ hydrogen atom in water are attracted to the negatively charged ions in the lattice

Water molecule are POLAR