KAAP309 Exam 1

What are the 3 primary concepts of cell theory?

1. smallest unit of life
2. all organisms are made of one or more cells
3. cells only arise from other cells

How many types of cells are in the human body?

250

What are the 3 basic components of all human cells?

1. plasma membrane (outer "shell" determines permeability)
2. cytoplasm (intracellular fluid)
3. nucleus (brain)

Extracellular Fluids

Portion of body fluids composed of interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Extracellular Matrix

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides

Erythrocytes

RBC, no nucleus

Epithelial cells

cells that come from the surface of your body (like your skin)

Fibroblasts

cells in connective tissue that produce collagen

Cells that connect body parts, lining, or transport gases

1. erythrocyte
2. epithelial cells
3. fibroblasts

Cells that move organs and body parts

1. smooth muscle cells (involuntary)
2. skeletal muscle (voluntary)
3. cardiac muscle (involuntary)

Adipose

fat cells that store nutrients

antibody

cells that fight disease (WBC)

Nerve cells

cells that gather information and controls body functions

Cells of reproduction

sperm (male) and oocyte (female)

Plasma Membrane

* very thin
* bi layer (phospholipids and cholesterol, keeps strong/structured)
* have them to control what comes in and out
* contains proteins and carbs

3 main roles of plasma membrane

1. transport
2. receptors
3. cell joining

membrane potential

voltage: electrical potential resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles.

* K+, Na+, and Cl-
* resting is -50, -90

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell, tiny organs

Mitochondria

provides most cell ATP supply, powerhouse

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Rough ER

HAVE ribosomes, produce proteins and phospholipids

Smooth ER

NO ribosomes, detoxify drugs, breakdown glycogen; catalyze reactions for a lot of things

Golgi Apparatus

"traffic director," modify, concentrate, and pack proteins/lipids

Peroxisomes

small spherical sacs filled with enzymes (oxidases and catalase)

Lysosomes

site of cellular "digestion"

Cytoskeleton

3 parts:

\-microfilaments (help movement)

\-intermediate filaments (provide strength and support)

\-microtubules (largest component and gives cell shape)

Cilia

move items across the surface (extracellular)

Flagella

move cell through space

Microvilli

increase surface area for absorption

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Nucleolus

Manufacturing site of ribosome subunits

nuclear envelope

double layer membrane, surround nucleus protecting

Nucleoli

Sites where ribosomes are assembled

Chromatin

thread-like material composed of DNA

Autophagy

self eating

3 main roles of autophagy

1. allow cells to dispose unneeded proteins/organelles
2. allow cells to cannibalize during stress times
3. helps restructure during development

Apoptosis

process of programmed cell death

types of tissue

1. epithelial
2. muscle
3. connective
4. nervous tissue

Histology

study of tissues

simple squamous

single layer of flat cells

stratified squamous

stacked layer of flat cells; function is protection and located in mouth, vagina, skin

Cuboidal

cube shaped

columnar

column shaped

squamous function and location

* easy diffusion and secretion
* lungs, kidneys, and vessels

cuboidal function and location

* secretion and absorption
* kidneys, glands, and ovary

columnar function and location

* secretion and absorption
* GI, gallbladder, and glands

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

function is secretion, propel, mucous and located in trachea

what is the only epithelium type thats found in the human body?

stratified squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium

located in the urinary tract and bladder and functions to stretch; goes back and forth from squamous to cuboidal in shape

glandular epithelia

form glands that produce and secrete products needed by the body

merocrine

secretes products by exocytosis; located in pancreas, sweat glands

holocrine

in oily glands of the skin; the entire secretory cell rupture

stratified squamous

protection

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

trachea

what are the 5 types of connective tissue?

1. loose
2. dense
3. cartilage
4. bone
5. blood

loose (areolar) connective tissue

function: support, store, defense

location: universal

predominat cell: fibroblast

\*originate from mesenchyme

Adipose

fat

loose reticular connective tissue

predominant cell: reticular cell

function: support defense cells

dense regular connective tissue

function: strength

located in tendons

predominant cell: fibroblasts

dense irregular connective tissue

function: strength

ex.) joint capsules

located in digestive tract

dense elastic connective tissue

function: recoil

in arteries

predominant cell: elastic fibers

hyaline cartilage

Most dominant/common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose.

function: support/cushion

elastic cartilage

ex) external ear

function: shape and flexibility

fibrocartilage

function: shock absorption/strength

Bone

"tree ring" pattern, support/protect, hard calcified matrix (osteons) with peripheral osteocytes

blood

non-traditional; cells (erythrocytes) surrounded by fluid (plasma); carry nutrient

3 types of muscle tissue

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

which 2 muscle tissue are involuntary

cardiac and smooth

skeletal muscle tissue

(voluntary) long, patterned striations

smooth muscle tissue

spindle shaped with one central nucleus; no visible striations

cardiac muscle tissue

branching cells with one central nucleus; cells connected with intercalated discs

located in heart

nervous tissue

function: respond to stimuli

3 types of membranes

1. cutaneous
2. mucous
3. serous

cutaneous membrane

skin; Keratinized stratified epithelium (epidermis) attached to connective tissue (dermis); Only dry membrane because it's exposed to the air!

mucous membrane

wet membrane; Stratified squamous/simple columnar over a layer of areolar connective tissue (lamina propria); line all body cavities that open to outside world

serous membrane

line body cavities that are closed to exterior; wet membrane; Simple squamous (mesothelium) over a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

6 functions of the skin

1. protection\*\*(primary)
2. temperature regulation
3. cutaneous sensation
4. metabolic
5. blood reservoir
6. excretion

exteroceptors

respond to external stimuli

merkel receptor

light pressure

Meissner's corpuscles

light touch/pressure; help vibration senses

Pacinian corpuscles

deep pressure (deepest)

Ruffin cylinder

stretch

free nerve ending

pain

what are the 3 layers of the skin?

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis

epidermis

epithelial cells, superficial, NO BLOOD

dermis

dense connective tissue, BLOOD

Hypodermis

adipose and . areolar connective tissue; NOT technically skin

cells of the epidermis

* keratinocyte (produce keratin)
* melanocytes (synthesize pigment)
* dendritic cells (biological barrier)


* exteroreceptors (merkel); do light pressure

layers of the epidermis

*come lets get sun burnt*

* stratum corneum (top layer)
* stratum lucidum
* stratum granulosum
* stratum spinosum
* stratum basale (deepest layer)

layers of the dermis

1. papillary - dermal papillae
2. reticular (80%) - flexure lines

hypodermis

communicator between skin itself and everything; not part of skin

mostly adipose (protect, store, insulate)

skin color

* melanin (red/yellow/black/brown)
* carotene (yellow/orange); stratum corneum
* hemoglobin (pigment of RBC)

skin discolor

* cyanosis (blue; low oxygen)
* pallor (white/gray, emotional stress/ low BP)
* erythema (red, embarrassment, inflammation, fever)
* jaundice (yellow, bc of bilirubin which is waste in liver that creates the yellow color; liver failure)
* ecchymoses (green, blue, black, purple; bc of bruising, damaged tissue)

hair

found throughout body BUT palms/soles, nipples, lips, external . genitalia

function: sense particles on skin

structure of hair

root (below skin), shaft (above skin)

3 layers of keratinized cells

cuticle (top), cortex, then medulla

melanocytes

determine hair color