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START OF CHAPTER ONE
…
what does ana stand for?
apart
what does tomy stand for?
cut
what does physio stand for?
nature
what does ology stand for?
the study
what are the levels of organization?
atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
what is a tissue?
groups of similar cells that have a common function
what is an organ?
2 or more tissue types that preform a specific function for the body
What is an organ system?
a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
what are the 11 body systems?
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
what is the integumentary system and what is a function?
it is the outer covering of body (skin)
functions include- waterproof, cushion and protect deeper tissues from injury, excretes salts and urea, regulated body temperature, and pain receptors are located here
what is the skeletal system and a function?
it is all of the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints in the body
functions include- hematopoesis, support, movement, protection, and storage of minerals
what is hematopoesis?
blood production in the bones (by red marrow specifically)
what is the muscular system and a function?
it is all of the muscles in the body, considered the machine of the body
functions include- contract for movement!!
what is the nervous system and a function?
it is the fast acting control system of the body (uses nerves throughout the entire body to send and receive signals)
functions include- respond to outside stimulus from the inside of the body via nerve impulses (electrical charges)
what is the endocrine system and a function?
it slowly controls the bodies activities (with chemicals)
functions include- produce and releasing hormones into the blood to control growth, reproduction, and food use
(includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes
what is the cardiovascular system and a function?
it is the heart and blood vessels in the body
functions include- carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissues
(the heart is the pump)
what is the lymphatic system and a function?
it complements the cardiovascular system and includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
functions include- cleansing blood and holding cells that are involved in immunity (to sickness/disease)
what is the respiratory system and a function?
it is the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
functions include- keeps body consistantly supplies with oxygen and removes CO2
(in the lungs, the gases are transported to and from blood)
What is the digestive system and a function?
it is a tube running from the mouth to the anus…includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and rectus
functions include- break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells, undigested food remains in the tract and leaves as feces
what is the urinary system and a function?
it includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
functions include- removing nitrogen and uric acid from the blood and flushing these wastes out of the body as urine, also maintains the body’s water and salt balance in the blood
what is the reproductive system and a function?
parts vary from male to female
functions include- reproducing
what are the 5 survival needs?
nutrients, oxygen, water, proper body temp, atmospheric pressure
what are the ways that we maintain boundaries?
movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
what is homeostasis?
the body’s self regulation of balance to survive
what are the homeostatic control mechanisms?
receptor- some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment (input)
control center- determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained
effector- provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus
what is a negative feedback mechanism?
when the response to a stimulus is to shut off the stimulus (pulling ur hand away from a hot stove to DECREASE the exposure to the stimulus (the hot stove)
what is a positive feed back stimulus?
push the variable father from its original value
what is anatomical position?
standing up, palms forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
what are directional terms?
terms that allow medical personnel to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
list the body planes and the parts they divide
sagittal- cuts the body lengthwise, dividing it into left and right parts
frontal- a cut lengthwise that divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior) parts
transverse- a cute along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
what are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
cranial cavity (inside bony skill, protecting brain)
spinal cavity (extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the vertebral column, spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae in this cavity)
what are the three sections of the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity- contains lungs and heart protected by the rib cage (separated by the diaphragm)
abdominopelvic cavity which includes…..
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity- inferior to the diaphragm
what are the 4 QUADRANTS of the abdominopelvic cavity?
right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
REMEMBER THAT THEY ARE GIVEN THE NAMES LEFT AND RIGHT BASED ON ANATOMICAL POSITION!!!! so if you are looking head-on at someone, your left will be their right and the correct answer would be right quadrant because it’s from the model’s POV!! if that explanation is confusing just reference the picture on slide 57 of the chapter one slide show and you’ll get it
What are the 9 REGIONS of the adbominopelvic cavity (area)?
(this is looking AT the anatomically positioned model, reading from left to right)
right hypochondriac region
epigastric region
left hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
umbilical region (very center)
left lumbar region
right iliac region
hypogastric region
left iliac region
what are the OPEN body cavaties of the HEAD?
oral/digestive cavity (mouth)
nasal cavity (nose/nostrils)
orbital cavities (eyes)
Middle ear cavities (ear holes/eardrum)
what must all open cavity be lined with?
some type of mucus
START OF CHAPTER 3
(we skipped chapter 2)
….
What are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelium (the covering)
connective (support)
nervous (control)
muscle (movement)
what does the word epithe mean?
laid on; covering
What is the OVERALL function of epithelial tissue?
to cover and line the glandular tissues of the body
also covers all free body surfaces and contains versatile cells
what are the SPECIFIC functions of epithelial tissue? (4 answers)
protection (ex skin protects inside of body against bacteria)
absorption (ex lines the digestive tract)
Filtration (ex kidneys filter blood)
secretion (ex oil and mucus released)
what is the apical surface of an epithelial tissue?
the free, exposed edge
what is a basement membrane?
the structure-less material that all of the layers of epithelial tissue lays on Secreted by both epithelial cells and connective tissue next to epithelial cells)
what is avascular tissue?
tissue that has no blood supply of its own (they depend on diffusion of blood from underlying capillaries)
what are the 4 types of simple epithelia?
a. simple squamous
b. simple cuboidal
c. simple columnar
d. pseudostratified columnar
what type of epithelia is a single layer of squamous cells, forms membranes where rapid diffusions occurs (lungs), and forms serous membranes?
simple squamous epithelium
which epithelia is one layer of cuboidal cells that rests on a basement membrane, they are common in glands and ducts, and form walls of kidney tubules and covers the surface of ovaries?
simple cuboidal
which epithelia is made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together, line the entire length of the digestive tract, and line body cavities that are open to the exterior?
simple columnar
what are mucosae?
simple columnar cells that specifically line cavities open to the exterior
what are goblet cells?
mucus producing cells
which epithelia has inconsistant sized which gives the impression of being stratified epithelia?
pseudostratified columnar
what are the 4 types of stratified epithelia?
a. stratified squamous
b. stratified columnar
c. stratified cuboidal
d. transitional
which stratified epithelia consists of several layers of cells, and are found in areas that recieve a great deal of abuse/friction?
stratified squamous
which stratified epithelia typically only has 2 layers with surface cells being cuboidal shape?
stratified cuboidal
which stratified epithelia are columnar in shape on top but the base cell varies in shape and size?
stratified columnar
which epithelia is a highly modified form of stratified squamous and forms the lining of very few organs (found in bladder/urinary system?
transitional epithelium
where are the 2 types of glands?
endocrine (includes all hormones)
exocrine (the ducts reach the surface and produce sweat, oil, etc)
what is the purpose of connective tissue?
protection, support, and binding other body tissues
are most connective tissues vascularized? (meaning they have a direct blood supply)
YES!!!! YES!!! YES!!
what is an extracellular matrix?
the non-living substances found outside of cells in connective tissue
what are the different types of connective tissue?
in rigid to least rigid order…
bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissues
blood
osseous tissue is another name for what?
BONE
what is lacunae?
the cavaties that bone cells sit in (la-CUNAE….C for cavity)
what is cartilage?
a less hard connective tissue used to support the body
what is hyaline cartilage?
the most widespread cartilage, glassy/blue white apperance, forms larynx, attaches ribs to breastbone, and covers the ends of bones
(FETUSES ARE MOSTLY HYALINE CARTILAGE BEFORE IT DEVELOPS INTO BONE!!!)
what is fibrocartilage?
the cartilage that cushions the vertebrae (sits i between each vertebrae to avoid friction of bones)
what is elastic cartilage?
the cartilage found in EARS!
what is dense connective tissue?
the tissue that form TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS
what is a tendon?
connects skeletal muscle to bone
what is a ligament?
connects bone to bone at joints
what are the three types of loose connective tissue?
areolar tissue
adipose tissue
reticular tissue
which loose connective tissue is cobwebby, cushions and protects body organs, and is the universal packing tissue?
areolar tissue (ARE sounds like AIRY, cobwebs are AIRY and LIGHT (just a tip to remember it))
what is edema?
what soaks up excess fluid in the body (like a sponge)
which loose connective tissue is commonly known as fat and insulates and cushions the body?
adipose (adIPOSE - I dont supPOSE you could lose some fat… another tip for remembering)
which lose connective tissue is a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers?
reticular tissue
what is stroma?
the internal framework found in blood cells of lympatic organs
what is blood?
the connective tissue that transports nutrients, waste and gasses through the body for the cardiovascular system
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
which muscle tissue is attached to bones for movement?
skeletal muscle
what are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?
they are voluntary and involuntay
produce body movement through contactions
LONG, CYLINDRICAL, MULTINUCLEATED, and STRIATED!!!!
which muscle tissue is found only in the heart, and propels blood though blood vessels?
cardiac muscle
what are some main characteristics of cardiac muscle?
striated, UNINUCLEATED, in voluntary
what is an intercalated disc?
junctions in cardiac muscle that allows ions to pass from cell to sell which creates RAPID CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
which muscle tissue in found in hollow organs and is also known as VISCERAL muscle tissue?
smooth muscle
what are some characteristics of smooth muscle?
no striations, spindle shaped, CIGAR SHAPED, contracts to propel substances
what is peristalsis?
wave like motion conducted by smooth muscle tissue that keeps food moving through the small intestine
what is nervous tissue?
tissue made up of cells called NEURONS that conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another (makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
START OF CHAPTER 4!!!!
….
what are the 2 main groups of body membranes?
epithelial and connective tissue
what is the cutaneous membrane?
SKIN!!! its the dry membrane
what are mucous membranes?
the WET membrane…resting on loose connective tissue
in the mouth and esophagus, digestive tract, urinary tract
what is a serous membrane?
the membrane that lines body cavaties that are closed to the exterior
(you’re in SERious trouble if your internal organs and this membrane is damaged)
what 2 layes make up serous membranes?
parietal- lines the specific portions of the walls of the ventral cavity
visceral- covers the outside of organs in the ventral cavity
what is serous fluid?
thin, clear fluid, secreted by membranes that allows organs to slide easily across cavity walls and each other
NAMES OF SEROUS MEMBRANES DEPENDS ON THE LOCATION OF THE MEMBRANE-
peritoneum- lines abdonimal cavity and its organs
pleura- surrounds lungs
pericardium- surrounds heart
what is a synovial membrane?
soft areolar connective tissue that lines fibrous capsules that surround joints; lubricate and provide a smooth surface so joints dont have too much friction
what is another name for the integumentary system aka skin?
cutaneous membrane
what does the integumentary system include?
skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands
what are the functions of skin?
protection (bacteria, sun damage, and cuts etc)
insulates and cushions organs
regulates heat loss
manufactures proteins
synthesised vitamin D
passes sensory information to the nervous system
what are the 2 tissues of the skin?
dermis (epidermis and dermis)
hypodermis
which layer is made up of stratified squamous epithelium and capable of keratinizing?
the epidermis
which layer is made up of dense connective tissue?
the dermis
Note
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