Anatomy Fall Final

START OF CHAPTER ONE

…

what does ana stand for?

apart

what does tomy stand for?

cut

what does physio stand for?

nature

what does ology stand for?

the study

what are the levels of organization?

atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

what is a tissue?

groups of similar cells that have a common function

what is an organ?

2 or more tissue types that preform a specific function for the body

What is an organ system?

a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

what are the 11 body systems?

• integumentary

• skeletal

• muscular

• nervous

• endocrine

• cardiovascular

• lymphatic

• respiratory

• digestive

• urinary

• reproductive

what is the integumentary system and what is a function?

• it is the outer covering of body (skin)

functions include- waterproof, cushion and protect deeper tissues from injury, excretes salts and urea, regulated body temperature, and pain receptors are located here

what is the skeletal system and a function?

• it is all of the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints in the body

functions include- hematopoesis, support, movement, protection, and storage of minerals

what is hematopoesis?

blood production in the bones (by red marrow specifically)

what is the muscular system and a function?

• it is all of the muscles in the body, considered the machine of the body

functions include- contract for movement!!

what is the nervous system and a function?

• it is the fast acting control system of the body (uses nerves throughout the entire body to send and receive signals)

functions include- respond to outside stimulus from the inside of the body via nerve impulses (electrical charges)

what is the endocrine system and a function?

• it slowly controls the bodies activities (with chemicals)

functions include- produce and releasing hormones into the blood to control growth, reproduction, and food use

(includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes

what is the cardiovascular system and a function?

• it is the heart and blood vessels in the body

functions include- carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissues

(the heart is the pump)

what is the lymphatic system and a function?

• it complements the cardiovascular system and includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils

functions include- cleansing blood and holding cells that are involved in immunity (to sickness/disease)

what is the respiratory system and a function?

• it is the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

functions include- keeps body consistantly supplies with oxygen and removes CO2

(in the lungs, the gases are transported to and from blood)

What is the digestive system and a function?

• it is a tube running from the mouth to the anus…includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and rectus

functions include- break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells, undigested food remains in the tract and leaves as feces

what is the urinary system and a function?

• it includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

functions include- removing nitrogen and uric acid from the blood and flushing these wastes out of the body as urine, also maintains the body’s water and salt balance in the blood

what is the reproductive system and a function?

• parts vary from male to female

functions include- reproducing

what are the 5 survival needs?

nutrients, oxygen, water, proper body temp, atmospheric pressure

what are the ways that we maintain boundaries?

movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

what is homeostasis?

the body’s self regulation of balance to survive

what are the homeostatic control mechanisms?

• receptor- some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment (input)

• control center- determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained

• effector- provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus

what is a negative feedback mechanism?

when the response to a stimulus is to shut off the stimulus (pulling ur hand away from a hot stove to DECREASE the exposure to the stimulus (the hot stove)

what is a positive feed back stimulus?

push the variable father from its original value

what is anatomical position?

standing up, palms forward with thumbs pointing away from the body

what are directional terms?

terms that allow medical personnel to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

list the body planes and the parts they divide

• sagittal- cuts the body lengthwise, dividing it into left and right parts

• frontal- a cut lengthwise that divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior) parts

• transverse- a cute along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

what are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?

• cranial cavity (inside bony skill, protecting brain)

• spinal cavity (extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the vertebral column, spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae in this cavity)

what are the three sections of the ventral body cavity?

• thoracic cavity- contains lungs and heart protected by the rib cage (separated by the diaphragm)

abdominopelvic cavity which includes…..

• abdominal cavity

• pelvic cavity- inferior to the diaphragm

what are the 4 QUADRANTS of the abdominopelvic cavity?

1. right upper quadrant

2. left upper quadrant

3. right lower quadrant

4. left lower quadrant

REMEMBER THAT THEY ARE GIVEN THE NAMES LEFT AND RIGHT BASED ON ANATOMICAL POSITION!!!! so if you are looking head-on at someone, your left will be their right and the correct answer would be right quadrant because it’s from the model’s POV!! if that explanation is confusing just reference the picture on slide 57 of the chapter one slide show and you’ll get it

What are the 9 REGIONS of the adbominopelvic cavity (area)?

(this is looking AT the anatomically positioned model, reading from left to right)

1. right hypochondriac region

2. epigastric region

3. left hypochondriac region

4. right lumbar region

5. umbilical region (very center)

6. left lumbar region

7. right iliac region

8. hypogastric region

9. left iliac region

what are the OPEN body cavaties of the HEAD?

• oral/digestive cavity (mouth)

• nasal cavity (nose/nostrils)

• orbital cavities (eyes)

• Middle ear cavities (ear holes/eardrum)

what must all open cavity be lined with?

some type of mucus

START OF CHAPTER 3

(we skipped chapter 2)

….

What are the 4 types of tissues?

1. epithelium (the covering)

2. connective (support)

3. nervous (control)

4. muscle (movement)

what does the word epithe mean?

laid on; covering

What is the OVERALL function of epithelial tissue?

to cover and line the glandular tissues of the body

• also covers all free body surfaces and contains versatile cells

what are the SPECIFIC functions of epithelial tissue? (4 answers)

1. protection (ex skin protects inside of body against bacteria)

2. absorption (ex lines the digestive tract)

3. Filtration (ex kidneys filter blood)

4. secretion (ex oil and mucus released)

what is the apical surface of an epithelial tissue?

the free, exposed edge

what is a basement membrane?

the structure-less material that all of the layers of epithelial tissue lays on Secreted by both epithelial cells and connective tissue next to epithelial cells)

what is avascular tissue?

tissue that has no blood supply of its own (they depend on diffusion of blood from underlying capillaries)

what are the 4 types of simple epithelia?

a. simple squamous

b. simple cuboidal

c. simple columnar

d. pseudostratified columnar

what type of epithelia is a single layer of squamous cells, forms membranes where rapid diffusions occurs (lungs), and forms serous membranes?

simple squamous epithelium

which epithelia is one layer of cuboidal cells that rests on a basement membrane, they are common in glands and ducts, and form walls of kidney tubules and covers the surface of ovaries?

simple cuboidal

which epithelia is made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together, line the entire length of the digestive tract, and line body cavities that are open to the exterior?

simple columnar

what are mucosae?

simple columnar cells that specifically line cavities open to the exterior

what are goblet cells?

mucus producing cells

which epithelia has inconsistant sized which gives the impression of being stratified epithelia?

pseudostratified columnar

what are the 4 types of stratified epithelia?

a. stratified squamous

b. stratified columnar

c. stratified cuboidal

d. transitional

which stratified epithelia consists of several layers of cells, and are found in areas that recieve a great deal of abuse/friction?

stratified squamous

which stratified epithelia typically only has 2 layers with surface cells being cuboidal shape?

stratified cuboidal

which stratified epithelia are columnar in shape on top but the base cell varies in shape and size?

stratified columnar

which epithelia is a highly modified form of stratified squamous and forms the lining of very few organs (found in bladder/urinary system?

transitional epithelium

where are the 2 types of glands?

• endocrine (includes all hormones)

• exocrine (the ducts reach the surface and produce sweat, oil, etc)

what is the purpose of connective tissue?

• protection, support, and binding other body tissues

are most connective tissues vascularized? (meaning they have a direct blood supply)

YES!!!! YES!!! YES!!

what is an extracellular matrix?

the non-living substances found outside of cells in connective tissue

what are the different types of connective tissue?

in rigid to least rigid order…

• bone

• cartilage

• dense connective tissue

• loose connective tissues

• blood

osseous tissue is another name for what?

BONE

what is lacunae?

the cavaties that bone cells sit in (la-CUNAE….C for cavity)

what is cartilage?

a less hard connective tissue used to support the body

what is hyaline cartilage?

the most widespread cartilage, glassy/blue white apperance, forms larynx, attaches ribs to breastbone, and covers the ends of bones

(FETUSES ARE MOSTLY HYALINE CARTILAGE BEFORE IT DEVELOPS INTO BONE!!!)

what is fibrocartilage?

the cartilage that cushions the vertebrae (sits i between each vertebrae to avoid friction of bones)

what is elastic cartilage?

the cartilage found in EARS!

what is dense connective tissue?

the tissue that form TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS

what is a tendon?

connects skeletal muscle to bone

what is a ligament?

connects bone to bone at joints

what are the three types of loose connective tissue?

• areolar tissue

• adipose tissue

• reticular tissue

which loose connective tissue is cobwebby, cushions and protects body organs, and is the universal packing tissue?

areolar tissue (ARE sounds like AIRY, cobwebs are AIRY and LIGHT (just a tip to remember it))

what is edema?

what soaks up excess fluid in the body (like a sponge)

which loose connective tissue is commonly known as fat and insulates and cushions the body?

adipose (adIPOSE - I dont supPOSE you could lose some fat… another tip for remembering)

which lose connective tissue is a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers?

reticular tissue

what is stroma?

the internal framework found in blood cells of lympatic organs

what is blood?

the connective tissue that transports nutrients, waste and gasses through the body for the cardiovascular system

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

• skeletal

• cardiac

• smooth

which muscle tissue is attached to bones for movement?

skeletal muscle

what are some characteristics of skeletal muscle?

• they are voluntary and involuntay

• produce body movement through contactions

• LONG, CYLINDRICAL, MULTINUCLEATED, and STRIATED!!!!

which muscle tissue is found only in the heart, and propels blood though blood vessels?

cardiac muscle

what are some main characteristics of cardiac muscle?

• striated, UNINUCLEATED, in voluntary

what is an intercalated disc?

junctions in cardiac muscle that allows ions to pass from cell to sell which creates RAPID CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

which muscle tissue in found in hollow organs and is also known as VISCERAL muscle tissue?

smooth muscle

what are some characteristics of smooth muscle?

• no striations, spindle shaped, CIGAR SHAPED, contracts to propel substances

what is peristalsis?

wave like motion conducted by smooth muscle tissue that keeps food moving through the small intestine

what is nervous tissue?

tissue made up of cells called NEURONS that conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another (makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves)

START OF CHAPTER 4!!!!

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what are the 2 main groups of body membranes?

epithelial and connective tissue

what is the cutaneous membrane?

SKIN!!! its the dry membrane

what are mucous membranes?

the WET membrane…resting on loose connective tissue

in the mouth and esophagus, digestive tract, urinary tract

what is a serous membrane?

• the membrane that lines body cavaties that are closed to the exterior

  (you’re in SERious trouble if your internal organs and this membrane is damaged)

what 2 layes make up serous membranes?

• parietal- lines the specific portions of the walls of the ventral cavity

• visceral- covers the outside of organs in the ventral cavity

what is serous fluid?

thin, clear fluid, secreted by membranes that allows organs to slide easily across cavity walls and each other

NAMES OF SEROUS MEMBRANES DEPENDS ON THE LOCATION OF THE MEMBRANE-

• peritoneum- lines abdonimal cavity and its organs

• pleura- surrounds lungs

• pericardium- surrounds heart

what is a synovial membrane?

soft areolar connective tissue that lines fibrous capsules that surround joints; lubricate and provide a smooth surface so joints dont have too much friction

what is another name for the integumentary system aka skin?

cutaneous membrane

what does the integumentary system include?

skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands

what are the functions of skin?

• protection (bacteria, sun damage, and cuts etc)

• insulates and cushions organs

• regulates heat loss

• manufactures proteins

• synthesised vitamin D

• passes sensory information to the nervous system

what are the 2 tissues of the skin?

• dermis (epidermis and dermis)

• hypodermis

which layer is made up of stratified squamous epithelium and capable of keratinizing?

the epidermis

which layer is made up of dense connective tissue?

the dermis