all top hat final questions

Which of the following structures is found in BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

plasma membranes

Match the following diseases/conditions with the type of organism that causes it.

• athletes foot

• malaria

• paralytic shell fish

• ring worm

• pin worm

Athlete's foot matches fungus

Malaria matches protozoan

Paralytic shellfish poisoning matchesalga

Ringworm matches fungus

Pinworm matches helminth

Which of the following molecules/structures are NEVER found in viruses?

ribosomes

Which of the following cannot be used to grow/propagate viruses in the laboratory?

plain culture media

Which of the following is a classic example of a latent viral disease?

shingles/cold sores

In the three Domain classification  system proposed by Carl Woese, what are the names of the three domains?

bacteria, arkea, eukarya

what supports the the endosymbiotic theory hypothesis.

mitochondria and chloroplasts both

• replicate by binary fission

• do not possess 6040 ribosomes

Which scientist is credited with developing the first modern vaccine?

edward jenner

in from easiest to hardest to treat

• fungal, prion, bacteria, viral

bacterial, fungal, viral, prion

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for adding the new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

dna polymerase

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA molecule involved in translation?

passenger rna

Match each of the terms  on the left with their correct definitions.

• transformation

• conjugation

• transduction

• mutation

• A plasmid is passed from one bacterial cell to another through a hair-like structure called a pilus.

• DNA released by  bacteria as they die  is taken up by other bacteria and incorporated into their chromosome.

• Slow naturally occurring process through which all living things obtain variation

• A piece of  DNA from another bacterium enters the cell in a  bacteriophage  and becomes part of the genome when the  virus integrates into the chromosome 

transformation: DNA released by  bacteria as they die  is taken up by other bacteria and incorporated into their chromosome.

conjugation: A plasmid is passed from one bacterial cell to another through a hair-like structure called a pilus.

transduction: A piece of  DNA from another bacterium enters the cell in a  bacteriophage  and becomes part of the genome when the  virus integrates into the chromosome 

mutation: Slow naturally occurring process through which all living things obtain variation

Put these means of microbial entry into the human body (outside of a hospital setting)  in order, from the most common to least common.

• mucous membranes of genitourinary

• parenteral route

• mucous membranes of respiratory tract

• mucous membranes of GI

1. respiratory

2. GI

3. GU

4. parenteral

Conditions such as septic shock, ARDS and DIC can result from using antibiotics to treat which type of infections?

gram negative bacterial infections

Arthropods can provide a portal of exit for microbes in which location?

bloodstream

The spread of disease agents through contaminated water is an example of _______________ transmission.

vehicle

Which is the most common type of nosocomial infection in U.S. health care facilities?

UTI

In which stage of a bacterial growth curve are the cells dividing/reproducing the fastest?

log, (exponential) phase

What would be the appropriate biosafety level for working with an airborne pathogen (such as Coccidiodes posadosii or Mycobacterium tuberculosis) capable of infecting healthy individuals ?

bsl 3

Which type of medium suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria and enables the growth of desired species?

selective medium

The removal or destruction of ALL forms of microbial life is called ...

steralization

Which is the most suitable method for sterilizing a biological agent (such as an antibody or vaccine) designed for intravenous infusion?

sterile filtration

Which concentration of ethanol is the most effective at killing bacteria?

70%

What was the first modern antibiotic discovered?

penicillin

Match the antibacterial drugs with their cellular targets

• penicillin

• tetracyclines

• polymoxin B

• Sulfa

• Quinalones & rifamycins

• 70s ribosomes/protein syntheiss

• plasma membrane

• cell wall

• folic acid pathway

• DNA and RNA synthesis

• penicillin: cell wall

• tetracycline: 70s ribosome/protein syntheiss

• polymoxin B: plasma membrane

• Sulfa: folic acid

• QUinolones and rifamycin: Dna and RNA synthesis

Infections caused by which class of microorganisms are generally the easiest to treat with drugs?

bacterial

The treatment of bacterial endocarditis is much more effective when both penicillin and streptomycin are used together than when each is taken alone. This is an example of drug ....

sygernism

The so-called "ciliary escalator" functions by ...

Moving microbes towards the throat

Place the following steps in the inflammatory process in their correct order.

• vasolidation

• activation of acute proteins

• diapedisis

• margination

• microbe killing

• repair

• activation of proteins (acute)

• vasodilation

• Margination

• Diapedesis

• microbe killing

• repair

Match each type of antibody with its correct description.

• igM

• igA

• igG

• igE

• dimer, secreted in tears, mucus, mothers milk

• useful in parasitic worms

• pentamer, first responder

• most abundant antibody in serum with fighting infectiks

• igM: first responder

• igA: dimer, secreted in tears, mucus, mothers milk

• igG: antibody in serum, fights infections

• igE: parasitic

In a cell mediated immune response, which  cell type is assisting in the activation of the B cell to produce antibodies?

Th cells

A person injected with a toxoid, such as the tetanus toxoid, will develop which type of immunity?

artificially acquired, active immunity

Match the vaccine types with its correct description

• live attenuated vaccine

• inactivated vaccine

• sub unit

• toxoid

• DNA/mRNA

• Pathogen is dead so cannot reproduce; typically need more than 1 dose

• Pathogen can reproduce in the host generating a strong response but has been modified so it cannot cause disease

• Made from denatured toxins; need regular boosters

• Antigen is made by the vaccinated host

• Highly immunogenic antigen fragment e.g. a virus spike protein

live attenuated: reproduce in host, strong response, modified

inactivated: DEAD, cannot reproduce (flu)

sub unit: highly immunogenic antigen fragment:spike protein

toxoid: made from denatured toxins, neds boosters

DNA/mRNA: antigen made by vaccinated host

The skin's normal microbiota is comprised mainly of which class of organisms?

gram positive bacteria

Which of the following viruses can cause severe birth defects if contracted during pregnancy?

rubella/german measles

What type of defense are tears?

both physical and chemical

The microbes that grow in the large intestine are mostly ...

obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

Infections with which of the following bacterial species is now known to be associated with development of a cancer? 

helicobacter pylori

The treatment for an episode of viral gastroenteritis, such as a norovirus infection, is ...

oral rehydration

For drugs to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier, they typically need to be ..

lipid soluble

Which of the following vector-borne viruses is NOT considered an arbovirus?

rabies virus

arbovirus: any of a group of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods. They include encephalitis, dengue, and yellow fever.

Which of the following group of patients is the most susceptible to fungal infections such as Cryptococcosis?

immunocompromised individuals

Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism used to prevent infections of the cardiovascular system?

competing microbes circulating the bloodstream

Rheumatic fever - which affects the heart valves and joints - is a complication of which disease?

strep throat

A bull's eye rash is a common symptom of which disease?

lyme disease

Most infections of the urinary tract (including cystitis and pyelonephritis) are caused by which microorganism?

E.coli

In which of the following diseases can the infectious agent enter a latent stage in nerve cells to emerge later, causing recurrent infections?

genital herpes

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is the most difficult to treat?

genital herpes