Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Digestive Processes: Key Concepts for Biology

Which type of lipid has a four-ring structure?

Sterols

A fatty acid containing one or more double bonds is called what?

Unsaturated

Which lipid is an important component of cell membranes?

Phospholipids

Which fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature?

Saturated fats

The chemical reaction in which glycerol and fatty acids combine to form triglycerides is called what?

Dehydration synthesis

Hydrogenating an oil results in what type of fatty acids?

Trans fats

Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to what molecule?

Glycerol

Which lipoprotein is least dense and composed mostly of triglycerides?

Chylomicron

Which statement about cholesterol is true?

The liver makes most cholesterol in the body

Omega-3, Omega-6, and Omega-9 refer to what?

The carbon where the first double bond occurs in the fatty acid

Most lipase (fat digesting enzyme) is produced by which organ?

Pancreas

Large fat molecules packaged as chylomicrons enter which system first?

Lymph

Fat is stored in adipose tissue in what form?

Triglycerides

Consumption of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol is associated with which conditions?

All of the above

Cholesterol belongs to which lipid class?

Sterols

Lecithin is an example of what type of lipid?

Phospholipid

Vitamin D belongs to which lipid category?

Sterols

Sterols form what type of hormones?

Sex hormones

Bile emulsifies fat and forms what structures?

Micelles

Chylomicrons are absorbed into which system?

Lymph

CCK stimulates the release of bile from what organ?

Gallbladder

Intestinal cells reassemble micelles into what molecules?

Triglycerides

Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids combine with protein to form what?

Chylomicrons

Soluble fiber in the large intestine carries some what out of the body?

Bile

The chemical reaction in which monomers join to form polymers is called what?

Dehydration synthesis

The primary energy source for cells is what?

Glucose

The storage form of energy in plant cells is called what?

Starch

Fiber is classified as what type of nutrient?

Carbohydrate

Fiber helps perform which of the following functions?

All of the above

Carbohydrate digestion begins where?

Mouth

The enzymatic breakdown of fiber occurs where in the GI tract?

Large intestine

The enzymes maltase, sucrase, and lactase are produced where?

Small intestine

A condition causing gas, bloating, and diarrhea after dairy consumption is called what?

Lactose intolerance

Complex carbohydrates are classified as what?

Polysaccharides

Sucrose belongs to which carbohydrate group?

Disaccharides

Galactose belongs to which carbohydrate group?

Monosaccharides

Fructose belongs to which carbohydrate group?

Monosaccharides

Maltose belongs to which carbohydrate group?

Disaccharides

Glucose belongs to which carbohydrate group?

Monosaccharides

Insulin and glucagon are produced by which organ?

Pancreas

What happens after a high carbohydrate meal?

Blood sugar increases and insulin is secreted

Which diet helps balance blood sugar?

A low glycemic diet

Excessive fiber consumption can cause what?

All of the above

Fiber intake helps manage which diseases?

All of the above

Digestive enzymes in the GI tract work by which process?

Hydrolysis

Rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions moving food through the digestive tract are called what?

Peristalsis

Food chewed and swallowed into the stomach is called what?

Bolus

Which is NOT an accessory digestive organ?

Small intestine

Chyme is formed in which digestive organ?

Stomach

What is the function of bile?

Emulsify fats

Carbohydrate digestion begins in which organ?

Mouth

The valve controlling movement from stomach to small intestine is called what?

Pyloric sphincter

Lipase enzymes are produced by which organ?

Pancreas

Protein digestion begins in which organ?

Stomach

Nutrients absorbed into the blood travel to the liver through which vessel?

Hepatic portal vein

After absorption, carbohydrates and proteins enter which system?

Blood

Microbes in the GI tract are influenced by what?

Prebiotics and postbiotics

Which systems coordinate digestive processes?

Endocrine and nervous systems

Which hormone stimulates bicarbonate release from the pancreas?

Secretin

Which hormone stimulates bile release from the gallbladder?

Cholecystokinin

Which hormone stimulates acid release from gastric glands?

Gastrin

Major site of digestion and absorption in the digestive tract?

Small intestine

Which organ releases bicarbonate to neutralize digestive acids?

Pancreas

Where are villi and microvilli found?

Small intestine

Which organ absorbs water?

Large intestine

Which organ stores and concentrates bile?

Gallbladder

The body's amino acid pool represents what?

Available amino acids from protein breakdown and diet

Transamination refers to what process?

Transfer of amino groups from an amino acid to a keto acid

The main vehicle for eliminating nitrogen waste is what?

Urea

Nitrogen waste from protein metabolism is removed by which organ?

Liver

A high quality protein contains what?

All essential amino acids

Chemical catalysts in the body are called what?

Enzymes

Messenger molecules transported in blood are called what?

Hormones

Proteins that defend the body against disease are called what?

Antibodies

Carrier molecule in the blood?

Albumin

An example of complementary protein is what?

Beans and grains

Protein digestion begins where?

Stomach

Which enzyme is produced by the pancreas to digest protein?

Trypsin

Pepsin is activated by what?

Hydrochloric acid

Loss of protein structure due to heat or acid is called what?

Denaturation

Bending or coiling of a protein refers to which structure level?

Secondary structure

Sequence of amino acids refers to which protein structure level?

Primary structure

Multiple protein subunits joined together refers to which level?

Quaternary structure

Three dimensional shape of a protein refers to which level?

Tertiary structure