Comparative Immune System Anatomy

Innate cells

Macrophage, dendritic cell, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophils, and natural killer T cells

Adaptive immunity

B cell, antibodies, T cell, and natural killer T cell

Eosinophil and basophils

White blood cells that release toxins (histamine (b) or cytotoxic proteins (e)) to damage large pathogens (membrane leakage) into a more consumable form

Macrophage

Engulf large pathogens and cellular debris via phagocytosis

Dendritic cell

Immune sentinels that capture pathogens and process/present them to T cells

Neutrophils

White blood cells; immune system's first responders to infection

B cell

White blood cells that produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens and act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells, forming memory cells for faster future responses

T cell

White blood cells that fight infections, viruses, and cancer, and coordinating the body's adaptive immune response

Antibodies

Y-shaped proteins made by the immune system to identify, neutralize, and eliminate foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and toxins (antigens)

Natural killer T cell

Immune cells that rapidly release cytokines to control infections and tumors by killing infected/cancerous cells and modulating other immune cells; facilitate rapid immune response

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Tissue in the immune system that screens pathogens

Primary lymphoid organs

Lymphoid organs that generate and mature lymphocytes (B/T cells) (e.g. thymus and bone marrow)

Secondary lymphoid organs

Lymphoid organs in which lymphocytes are activated and iniate targeted immune attacks (e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyers patches)

Complement system

plasma proteins that recognize and destroy pathogens; uses three activation pathways (classical, lectin, alternative) to tag microbes (opsonization), directly lyse them, and signal immune cells to attack

Prophenoloxidase (proPO)

a modified form of complement system which is a soluble component found in vertebrate

Differential immune response

Differences in outcomes to HIV for example in humans and monkies is caused by TRIM5a in primates that blocks the infection

Immunology in poultry

Comparative to the immune system of pigs; utilize phagocytosis (using heterophils (instead of neutrophils), dendritic cells, and macrophils); uses bursa of fabricus and cecal tonsils for B cell maturation (additional primary lymphoid organs); utilize the antibodies IgY (instead of IgG), IgA, and IgM

Immunology in pigs

Utilize phagocytosis (using neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophils); utilizes antibodies IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM

Maternal immunity

Through the mother, a newborn gains IgG from the placenta and IgA from colostrum and breast milk

Placenta types

Eitheliochorial type (horses, pigs and ruminants), endotheliochorial type (carnivores), and hemochorial type (primates, rodents and rabbits)

Eitheliochorial placenta type

Occurs in Eitheliochorial type (horses, pigs and ruminants; antibody transplacental transfer does not occur

Endotheliochorial placenta type

Occurs in carnivores; 5% antibody transplacental transfer occurs

Hemochorial placenta type

Occurs in primates, rodents and rabbits; antibody transplacental transfer occurs