Physiology Exam 1

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What are the four types of cells?

muscle, neural, epithelial, and connective tissue cells

What are the three types of muscles?

cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

Our cells exist within the___

ECF

60% of your body is ___

Total Body Water (TBW)

Intracellular Fluid makes up ___ of TBW

2/3

Extracellular Fluid makes up ___ of TBW

1/3

The ECF contains ___ of Interstitial Fluid and ____ Plasma

80% and 20%

What separate blood plasma from interstitial fluid?

Capillary Walls

Edema refers to swelling caused by___

too much fluid between cells (interstitial)

Which cells’ chemical messenger travels far through the blood?

Hormones

Which cells’ chemical messenger travels fast across tiny gaps between nerves?

Neurotransmitters

Which cells’ chemical messenger acts on nearby cells?

Paracrine signals

Which cells acts on the same cell that released the message?

Autocrine signals

Negative Balance refers to

losing more than gained

Positive balance refers to

gaining more than lost

Feedforward refers to

predicting the future

Positive feedback refers to

making the problem bigger or “explostive”

What are the two types of passive transport?

Simple & Facilitated diffusion

What mode of transport moves against the gradient?

Active Transport

What does facilitated diffusion require that regular diffusion doesn’t?

1. Carrier protein

2. Specificity

3. Saturation

Affinity refers to the ___ of the binding

Strength

Saturation refers to

all binding sites being occupied

Competition refers to

when more than one ligand can bind one site

Agonists turn receptors ___

On

Antagonists turn receptors ___

Off (blocks)

What are the four types of signal transduction pathways?

Ion Channels, Enzymes, Cytoplasmic enzymes, and G-proteins

Within the G-Protein transduction process, what stops it?

PDE

The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of what?

the Brain and the Spinal Cord

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of what?

Nerves from the CNS to the body

What cells in the nervous system receive info and generate electrical signals?

Neurons

What part of the neuron transmits electrical signals?

Axon

What cells make up myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Schwann Cells

What cells make up myelin within the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Oligodendrocytes

Within axonal transport, anterograde transport comes from cell body towards terminals by___.

Kinesin

Within axonal transport, retrograde transport comes from axon terminals to cell body by ___.

Dynein

If a cell membrane were only permeable to K+, whats the inside of the cell’s membrane potential?

-90 mV

If a cell membrane were only permeable to Na+, whats the inside of the cell’s membrane potential?

+60 mV

What ion is an important second chemical messenger?

Ca2+

Which axonal transport uses ATP?

Both

Within the CNS, which glial cell makes myelin?

Oligrodendrocytes

Within the CNS, which glial cell serves structurally and as a blood-brain barrier?

Astrocytes

Within the CNS, which glial cell provides immune defense?

Microglia

Within the CNS, which glial cell regulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Ependymal

During the Absolute Refractory period___.

No action potentials

During a Relative Refractory period___.

A stronger stimulus is needed to generate more APs

Of all neurotransmitters, which is NOT atleast metabotropic?

Glycine

Which part of the brainstem regulates sleep and wakefulness?

the Brainstem

Of the autonomic nervous system, “Rest & Digest” refers to _____.

Parasympathetic

Of the autonomic nervous system, “Fight or Flight” refers to ___.

Sympathetic

Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine

What part of the Brain is responsible for relaying info?

Thalamas

Which part of the brain is responsible for homeostasis?

Hypothalamus

Which part of the brain is responsible for movement?

Cerebellum

What part of the brain is responsible for reasoning and solving?

Cerebral cortex