L17 Memory (Imported from Quizlet)

Acquisition of information

What is the definition of learning?

Storage of learned information

What is the definition of memory?

Reacquisition of stored information

What is the definition of recall?

Physical embodiment of a memory

What is the definition of the engram?

Ways, regions, pathways

Independent memory systems have different forms of memory stored in different ______/_______/__________ (e.g. playing piano vs passing exams)

Procedural, declarative, implicit, explicit

What are the 4 types of independent memory systems?

Skills and associations largely unavailable to conscious mind

What is procedural memory?

Available to conscious mind, can be encoded in symbols and language

What is declarative memory?

Memory that can be consciously recalled

What is explicit memory?

Memory that cannot be consciously recalled

What is implicit memory?

Procedural memory, classical conditioning, priming (when one stimulus influences the response to subsequent stimuli)

What are the 3 different types of implicit memory?

Immediate memory

Which memory only lasts a few seconds?

Short-term memory (working memory)

Which memory lasts seconds or minutes?

Long-term memory

Which memory lasts days, months, years?

Hallucinations and recollection of past experiences

What can an electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe cause?

Complex sensations and memories

What do epileptic seizures cause?

8cm of the medial temporal lobe was removed (epileptic seizures stopped)

Intelligence, personality, etc was intact

Extreme anterograde amnesia (couldn't acquire new memories)

Describe the temporal lobectomy of patient HM

That the temporal lobe in involved in creating long-term memories

The results of the patient HM experiment suggested what?

Working memory

What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for?

Converting short to long term memory

What is the hippocampus essential for?

Declarative memory

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Multiple, processed sensory inputs (smell)

What happens in the amygdala?

Implicit memories/emotional memories/learnt fear

What is the amygdala responsible for?

Procedural memory

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Sensorimotors

The cerebellum is involved with ________________

Memory loss

What do hippocampal lesions (elective or accidental) cause?

3

How many layers are in the hippocampus?

Entorhinal cortex, many regions

The hippocampus inputs from _____________ _______ and beyond and outputs to _____ _________

Good spatial memory

The hippocampus is enlarged in people whose work requires what?

Distributed

Long-term storage of memory seems to be _____________

Reverberating

Mechanisms of memory are an example of _______________ circuits

Change depends on the activity of the neuron

Activity modifiable, plastic synapse

The Hebbian synapse concept - postulates there is a change in the synapse of the neurons

Changes

With memory and synaptic plasticity, synaptic strength _________

Short-term, Ca2+, vesicle

Facilitation/depression is ______-______ (mins/hours) and relies on ____ availability/__________ depletion

Sustained

Long-term facilitation/depression is _________________ (days/weeks+)

LTP in hippocampal slices (and elsewhere)

What does this image show?

Long term potentiation

What does LTP stand for?

Post-"tetanic" LTP

High frequency burst

LTP in specific pathway

What does this image show?

Paired LTP

Coincident stimulus and depolarisation

Associativity

What does this image show?

Long term depression

What does LTD stand for?

The hippocampus

Where do you get LTD?

EPSP amp decreases with time and will stay like that for hours/days/weeks

What happens in LTD?

Neurons, Gill withdrawal

Aplysia Californica has a small number of _________ and a ___ ___________ reflex

Reduced gill withdrawal (habituation)

Repeated gentle stimuli to siphon causes what?

Re-establish siphon reflex, short term ~60min+

If you pair single tail pinch (aversive) with siphon touch, what happens and is it long term or short term?

Long, habituating

Repeated pairing of siphon touch and tail pinch - _____-term, non-_____________ siphon/gill reflex

Activation

LTP, LTD and Aplysia require receptor ______________ (glutamate/serotonin)

Synaptic

LTP, LTD and Aplysia have altered __________ responsivity

Second messengers (Ca2+/cAMP)

What is LTP, LTD and Aplysia mediated by?

Protein phosphorylation

In early stages, what does LTP, LTD and Aplysia require?

Protein synthesis

In late stages, what does LTP, LTD and Aplysia require?

Biochemical, structural

LTP, LTD and Aplysia involve ____________ and ____________ pre and post-synaptic changes

Evidence suggests often a post-synaptic event

Most indicates a critical role for Ca2+

Involves trafficking of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane

How does LTP occur?