Geography chp 6-10 key words

Afro-Asiatic Language Family

A language family that includes many of the languages spoken in Africa and Asia, such as the Berber and Semitic languages.

Al-Aqsa Intifada

A Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation that began in 2000 and lasted for several years.

Al-Aqsa Mosque

Aqsa MosqueA mosque located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, considered the third holiest site in Islam.

Al-Qa'ida

Qa'idaA Sunni Islamic extremist group founded in the late 1980s by Osama bin Laden, responsible for multiple terrorist attacks.

Alawite

A minority sect within Islam, primarily found in Syria, that follows a distinct branch of Shia Islam.

Allah

The Arabic word for God in Islam.

anti

Semitism - Hostility or discrimination against Jews.

Arab

A person of Arab descent or a member of an Arab ethnic group.

Arab

Israeli War of 1956 - A war fought between Israel and Egypt, also involving Jordan and Syria, over the control of the Sinai Peninsula.

Ashkenazi Jews

Jews of European descent, primarily from Eastern and Central Europe.

ayatollah

A high-ranking Shia Muslim cleric.

bazaar

A marketplace, typically found in Middle Eastern and Central Asian cities, where a variety of goods are sold.

Caliphate

A political-religious Islamic state led by a caliph, or Islamic leader.

Camp David Accords

A peace agreement signed in 1978 between Israel and Egypt, brokered by President Jimmy Carter.

Carter Doctrine

A policy statement made by President Jimmy Carter in 1980, stating that the United States would use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

Copts

A Christian minority group found mainly in Egypt.

Crusades

A series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, with the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

deep state

A secretive, unofficial power structure within a government, often made up of military and intelligence officials, that influences or controls policy.

Diaspora

The scattering of a group of people from their homeland to other parts of the world.

Divine rule by clerics

Divine rule by clerics refers to the belief that spiritual leaders or religious authorities should have political power and govern society according to religious principles.

Hamas

Hamas is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization which has its aim to establish an Islamic state in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Shia, or Shi'ite

A member of the smaller of the two main branches of Islam, distinguished by the belief that the Islamic prophet Muhammad's descendants through his son-in-law Ali are the rightful leaders of the Muslim community and by the practice of taqiyyah (concealing one's faith under duress).

Intifada

Intifada is an Arab uprising, especially a Palestinian one. It refers to an uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Jihad

Jihad is a religious duty of Muslims. It is an effort or struggle in God's service, especially with a focus on political or national independence.

Islamic law (sharia)

Sharia is a set of Islamic religious laws which deal with both religious and secular matters. It covers a wide range of subjects such as crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

OPEC is an intergovernmental organization of oil-producing countries which aims to regulate the supply and price of oil in the international market.

Kurds

Kurds are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly living in the eastern and southeastern regions of Turkey, western Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.

archipelago

A group of islands

Aryans

A group of people who migrated to the Indian subcontinent around 2000 BCE and are considered to be the ancestors of many modern Indian and Iranian peoples

Asian Century

A term referring to the 21st century as the century in which Asia becomes the dominant political, economic, and cultural power in the world

Asian Tigers

A term used to refer to the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan in the late 20th century

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, a regional intergovernmental organization comprising of 10 Southeast Asian countries

Austroasiatic language family

One of the major language families in Asia, with languages spoken in Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia

Austronesian language family

A major language family that includes languages spoken in Southeast Asia, Oceania, and parts of East Asia

Buddhism

A major world religion founded by the Buddha in ancient India that teaches the path to enlightenment through the elimination of suffering and the attainment of inner peace

Confucianism

A Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed by the philosopher Confucius in the 5th century BCE, based on the belief in the goodness of human nature and the need for education and self-cultivation to realize one's full potential

Dalai Lama

The spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism and political leader of Tibet, who is believed to be the reincarnation of a series of past spiritual leaders

Daoism (Taoism)

A Chinese philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao (or "way" or "path") of the universe

Hinduism

A major world religion originating in India, characterized by the belief in reincarnation and the existence of multiple deities and paths to ultimate reality

Indo Aryan language subfamily

A branch of the Indo-European languages, spoken by over a billion people in the Indian subcontinent and parts of Central Asia

Jainism

An ancient Indian religion that emphasizes nonviolence and the attainment of liberation through self-control and spiritual purification

Jemaah Islamiah (JI, or the Islamic Group)

An Islamist extremist group in Southeast Asia that aims to establish an Islamic state in the region

karma

in Hindu and Buddhist belief, the principle that every action has a consequence in one's present or future lives

Khalistan

a separatist movement among some Sikhs in India seeking to establish an independent Sikh state called Khalistan

Mahayana Buddhism

A major branch of Buddhism, characterized by its emphasis on the possibility of attaining enlightenment in a single lifetime

megacity

A city with a population of over 10 million people

monsoon

A seasonal weather pattern characterized by a period of sustained wind and heavy rainfall

outsourcing

The practice of obtaining goods or services from a company or individual outside of one's own organization

Theravada Buddhism

A major branch of Buddhism, characterized by its emphasis on the monastic lifestyle and the attainment of enlightenment through one's own efforts

Tibetan

Referring to the Tibetan people, culture and language

Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP)

A proposed trade agreement between several Pacific Rim countries that was signed in 2016.

Value Added manufacturing

the practice of manufacturing goods by adding value to raw materials through the process of production

Zoroastrianism

an ancient religion founded by the prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran, characterized by the worship of one god and the belief in an ongoing struggle between good and evil.

Aboriginal languages

languages spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Australia prior to the arrival of Europeans

Aborigines

Indigenous peoples of Australia

Antarctic Treaty

international treaty that regulates activities in Antarctica

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group

forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries to promote free trade and economic cooperation

atoll

ring-shaped coral reef or chain of islands

Australia New Zealand United States (ANZUS) security alliance

military alliance between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States

Austronesians

a group of peoples who speak Austronesian languages and who inhabit islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as parts of Southeast Asia and parts of Taiwan

cargo cults

religious movements that emerged in Melanesia in the wake of World War II

Closer Economic Relations Agreement

trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand

"coconut civilization"

term used to describe Pacific Islander societies that are based on the cultivation of coconut palms

Compact of Free Association

agreement between the United States and several Pacific island nations that grants the latter nations certain rights and privileges in exchange for strategic military access by the United States

continental islands

islands that are part of a continent

comanagement

management of natural resources by government agencies and local communities

countermapping

the practice of creating maps or other spatial representations that challenge dominant ways of thinking about a particular place or people

deterritorialized states

states that have lost control over territory

Dreamtime

term used by some Indigenous Australians to describe a spiritual realm in which ancestors created the natural world and continue to reside

environmental determinism

the belief that the physical environment determines the cultural and social development of human societies

exotic species

species that are not native to a particular ecosystem

"extinction capital of the world"

term used to describe regions, such as islands, where many species have gone extinct due to human activities

feral animals

animals that have escaped from captivity or been reintroduced to an ecosystem

Footprints of the Ancestors

term used to describe the physical and cultural traces of Indigenous peoples in the Pacific

geologic hot spot

an area of active volcanism and tectonic activity

guano

bird or bat excrement used as a fertilizer

high islands

islands that have been formed by volcanic activity

Indo Fijians

people of Indian descent who migrated to Fiji

Language death

the process by which a language becomes extinct

low islands

islands that have been formed by coral growth

Melanesia

a subregion of Oceania that encompasses the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean

Micronesia

a subregion of Oceania that encompasses the islands of the western Pacific Ocean

millenarian movements

religious or political movements that believe in the imminence of a major change in the world, such as the end of the world or the arrival of a savior

money laundering

the practice of disguising the proceeds of illegal activities as legitimate funds

Native Title Bill

a bill passed in Australia in 1993 that recognizes the rights of Indigenous peoples to their traditional lands

Near North

term used to describe the northern regions of Australia

Oceania

a region that encompasses the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean

Operation Crossroads

a series of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States in the Pacific in 1946

Pacific Solution

a policy implemented by the Australian government in 2001 to prevent asylum seekers from reaching the Australian mainland

Papuan languages

a group of languages spoken in the island of New Guinea and nearby islands

pidgin

a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between groups that do not share a common language

African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)

U.S trade law that allows certain African countries to export goods to the United States duty-free

African National Congress (ANC)

A political party in South Africa that was the main opposition to the white minority government during apartheid and has been the ruling party since the end of apartheid in 1994.

African Standby Force

A military force established by the African Union to intervene in conflict in Africa

African Union (AU)

An intergovernmental organization that aims to promote cooperation among countries in Africa

Afrikaners

A group of people of Dutch, French, and German descent who settled in South Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries

Apartheid

a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the National Party government in South Africa from 1948 to 1994

Bantustans

Homelands created by the apartheid government of South Africa for different ethnic groups

Boko Haram

Islamist extremist group based in Nigeria, which has been designated as a terrorist organization by several countries

Coloreds

A South African term that refers to people of mixed ancestry