HISTO SE

An elderly male with a respiratory infection has a reduced ability to cough. Which of the following tracheal components is most likely affected?

a. Trachealis b. Lamina Propria c. Cartilage Plate d. Perichondrium

Trachealis

In streptococcal pneumonia, what is the characteristic feature of the predominant WBC?

a. Its granules exhibit metachromasia b. It is the smallest among the WBCs c. It exhibits diurnal variation d. The older it is, the more segmented its nucleus

The older it is, the more segmented its nucleus

Which is the last part of the conducting division of the respiratory system?

a. Distal bronchi
b. Main bronchus
c. Terminal bronchiole
d. Trachea

Terminal bronchiole

What causes arrhythmia in myocardial infarction?

a. Fibrosis
b. Wavy cardiomyocytes
c. Neutrophilic infiltrates
d. Death of Purkinje Fibers

Death of Purkinje Fibers

Which of the following layers is thickest in large veins?

a. Tunica media
b. Tunica intima
c. Subendothelial layer
d. Tunica adventitia

Tunica adventitia

Which WBC may contain an inactivated X-chromosome in its nucleus

a. Eosinophil
b. Lymphocyte
c. Basophil
d. Monocyte
e. Neutrophil

Neutrophil

Which of the following is TRUE of the lining epithelium of the respiratory system?

a. Serous glands increase in number from the trachea down to the bronchioles
b. Cilia gradually disappear from the terminal bronchioles to the distal part of the respiratory bronchioles
c. Respiratory division is lined by respiratory epithelium
d. Terminal bronchiole is lined by pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with goblet cells

Cilia gradually disappear from the terminal bronchioles to the distal part of the respiratory bronchioles

Micrograph shows large elongated multinucleated cells with peripheral nuclei. In which organ can these cells be found?

a. Aorta
b. Orbicularis oculi
c. Heart
d. Fallopian tube

Orbicularis oculi

Which is true regarding the large vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and abdomen back in the heart?

a. Contains prominent internal elastic lamina
b. Prominent tunica media
c. Prominent fibrous coat
d. Tunica adventitia is devoid of smooth muscles

Prominent fibrous coat

With increasing age, especially in smokers, the respiratory epithelium of the bronchus undergoes what type of cell adaptation?

a. Atrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Hypertrophy
d. Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Where are the coronary vessels located?

a. Myocardium
b. Tunica media
c. Endocardium
d. Epicardium

Epicardium

Where are the Purkinje fibers located?

a. Subendocardium
b. Endocardium
c. Subepicardium
d. Epicardium

Subendocardium

Which is true regarding the blood vessels that are the prime controller of blood pressure?

a. Few elastic fibers
b. Contains prominent internal elastic lamina
c. 1 to 5 layers of smooth muscles
d. Myointimal cells present in tunica adventitia

1 to 5 layers of smooth muscles

Which of the following statements is correct in the contracted skeletal muscle?

a. The light A bands will lengthen
b. The M band consists solely of thin actin filaments
c. The dark A bands will remain a constant length
d. The distance between Z lines will be longer

The dark A bands will remain a constant length

A gymnast fell off a wooden horse, which resulted in a displaced fracture of the right tibia. The fracture was surgically reduced with no gap and fixed in anatomical position with plates and screws. Which of the following will likely occur next?

a. Granuloma deposition
b. Clot formation
c. Callus formation
d. Bone remodeling

Granuloma deposition
Callus formation*

Which of the following can be seen in the subendothelial layer of the aorta?

a. Myointimal cells
b. Pericytes
c. Fibrin coagulum
d. Internal elastic lamina

Myointimal cells

Which of the following is TRUE regarding these capillaries in the spleen

a. Discontinuous basal lamina
b. Uninterrupted endothelium and continuous basal lamina
c. Have tight occluding junctions between endothelial cells
d. Fenestrated endothelial cells and with the continuous basal lamina

Discontinuous basal lamina

The tunica media of the aorta contains which of the following?

a. Elastin
b. Fibroblasts
c. Vasa vasorum
d. Endothelial cells

Elastin

If an individual inhales a noxious substance, which of the following is the respiratory system’s maneuver?

a. Phagocytosis by neutrophils
b. Trapping the substance in the nasal cavity
c. Propelling the substance into the gastric cavity
d. Detoxification by Clara cells

Detoxification by Clara cells

Where is the usual location of small blood vessels supplying the walls of large blood vessels?

a. Tunica adventitia of large veins
b. Internal elastic lamina of distributing arteries
c. Subendothelial layer of the artery
d. Tunica intima of superior vena cava

Tunica adventitia of large veins

Which of the following is true of the Z-line in striated muscle?

a. disc-like zone where the thin filament protein actin is attached
b. area of low electron density
c. disc-like zone where the thick filament protein myosin is attached
d. bisects the A band

disc-like zone where the thin filament protein actin is attached

Cancellous bone is synonymous with which of the following?

a. compact bone
b. immature bone
c. spongy bone
d. woven bone

spongy bone

Which of the following is characteristic of Purkinje fibers?

a. contain less amount of glycogen
b. pale staining periphery of the cell
c. No T tubule system
d. connected with each other via intercalated discs

No T tubule system

What type of cartilage is seen in the larynx?

a. fibrous
b. fetal hyaline
c. adult haline
d. elastic

adult haline
elastic

Which feature of RBCs allows them navigation through capillaries?

a. average diameter of 7.2 micrometer
b. integral membrane proteins
c. absence of organelles
d. biconcave shape

biconcave shape

What is true about the predominant WBC seen in infectious mononucleosis?

a. bilobed nucleus
b. contains a small amount of basophilic cytoplasm
c. with long pseudopodia
d. highly motile and phagocytic

contains a small amount of basophilic cytoplasm

Which of the following is true about the predominant fiber in erector spinae muscle

a. contains fewer mitochondria
b. more myofibrils
c. narrow Z lines
d. slower but sustained muscle contraction

slower but sustained muscle contraction

Which type of cartilage forms the fetal skeleton?

a. resting chondrocytes
b. fibrocartilage
c. hyaline cartilage
d. elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following contains valves?

a. coronary artery
b. pulmonary vein
c. arteriole
d. lymphatic vessel

lymphatic vessel

40-year old male presented with low back pain and leg numbness, exacerbated by prolonged sitting. Which type of cartilage is likely involved?

a. fibrous
b. elastic
c. hyaline
d. articular

fibrous

Which type of vessel does brachiocephalic trunk represent?

a. capillary
b. elastic artery
c. distributing artery
d. arteriole

elastic artery

Which distinguishes lymphatic capillaries from the rest of blood vessels?

a. anchoring filaments
b. cells of Rouget
c. presence of valves
d. blood coagulum

anchoring filaments

TRUE regarding the trachea:

a. patency is maintained by hyaline cartilages
b. epithelium rests on a thin basal lamina
c. lamina propria consists of loose connective tissue with few elastic
fibers
d. lining epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized

patency is maintained by hyaline cartilages

Where can a phasic type of smooth muscle be found?

a. eyes
b. fallopian tube
c. stomach
d. ureter

eyes

A construction worker inhaled a significant amount of dust with coarse particles. Which of the following respiratory structures will serve as the initial barrier?

a. mucin
b. vibrissae
c. cilia
d. microvilli

vibrissae

What is the space occupied by a chondrocyte?

a. howship's lacuna
b. lacuna
c. vacuole
d. space of disse

lacuna

Which organ has fenestrated capillaries with a diaphragm?

a. kidney
a. muscle
b. skin
c. bone marrow

kidney

Which organ has capillaries with large discontinuities between basal lamina?

a. kidney
b. choroid plexus
c. pancreas
d. bone marrow

bone marrow

A tube connecting the middle ear to the pharynx is primarily invested by which type of cartilage

a. elastic
b. fibrous
c. articular
d. hyaline

elastic

Which type of cartilage is found in the walls of the eustachian tube?

a. mixed cartilage
b. fibrocartilage
c. hyaline cartilage
d. elastic cartilage

elastic cartilage

What is the primary component of yellow marrow?

a. Fat
b. Cartilage
c. Hematopoietic tissue
d. Fibrous Tissue

Fat

What is the effect of rheumatoid arthritis in the synovial joint?

a. Degenerative change due to wear and tear
b. Thickening of the synovial lining
c. Deposition of crystals
d. Spur formation

Thickening of the synovial lining

Which mechanism is observed in capillaries found in the brain?

a. Transported by pinocytotic vesicles
b. Active transport through the fenestrae
c. Via intercellular junction of endothelial cells
d. Bulk transport

Transported by pinocytotic vesicles

What is the classification of blood vessel in the thigh that carries deoxygenated blood from lower limbs to the external iliac vein?

a. Collecting venule
b. Small-sized vein
c. Muscular vein
d. Medium-sized vein

Medium-sized vein

After a routine thyroidectomy, the patient came back for follow up complaining of perioral tingling sensation and muscle cramps. Laboratory results reveal decreased calcium levels. Which cell will be stimulated?

a. Bone lining cell
b. Osteoclast
c. Osteocyte
d. Osteoblast

Osteoclast

Where is internal elastic lamina most clearly seen?

a. Arteriole
b. Lymphatic vessel
c. Cerebral artery
d. Renal vein

Cerebral artery

Congested or stuffy nose during a viral nasopharyngitis is due to:

a. Trapped viral particles
b. Engorged venous plexus
c. Increased lymphocytic infiltrates
d. Decreased tubulo-acinar gland secretions

Engorged venous plexus

In which organ are capillaries with large discontinuities between basal lamina located?

a. Kidney
b. Choroid plexus
c. Pancreas
d. Bone marrow

Bone marrow

Which is TRUE of epiglottis?

a. Inner core of hyaline cartilage
b. Lingual surface is lined by simple columnar ciliated epithelium
c. Laryngeal side is lined by respiratory epithelium
d. Devoid of glands

Laryngeal side is lined by respiratory epithelium

An adolescent male presents with hoarseness after an upper respiratory tract infection. Which of the following laryngeal structures is most likely affected?

a. Ventricle
b. Ventricular folds
c. Arytenoids
d. Vocal folds

Vocal folds

What is the major function of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?

a. Filter inspired particles
b. Phagocytize microorganisms
c. Produce mucus
d. Adjust temperature and humidity of inspired air

Adjust temperature and humidity of inspired air

What serves as the lubricant of the parietal and visceral pleura?

a. Mucin
b. Surfactant
c. Hyaluronic acid
d. Tubular myelin

Hyaluronic acid

Which characteristic differentiates type 1 from type 2 pneumocytes?

a. Represent 60% of the lining epithelium
b. Large squamous cells with densely stained nuclei
c. Capacity for cell division and differentiation
d. Secrete a surface-active material called surfactant

Large squamous cells with densely stained nuclei

Which of the differentiates the main bronchus from the trachea?

a. Richer in seromucinous glands
b. Less elastin in the lamina propria
c. More distinct cartilage rings
d. Less goblet cells

Less goblet cells

Which of the following is a function of the Clara cells?

a. Produce one of the components of surfactant
b. Part of the blood-air barrier
c. Engulfs foreign substances
d. Act as structural framework

Produce one of the components of surfactant

Which of the following is the histologic feature of emphysematous lung?

a. Destruction of the alveolar system
b. Progressive increase in elastic tissue
c. Increase in alveolar macrophage
d. Increased alveolar surface area

Destruction of the alveolar system

What is the cause of the difficulty in breathing in patients with lobar pneumonia?

a. Edematous bronchial airway
b. Cellular exudates in the alveolar cavities
c. Fibroblasts in the alveolar septa
d. Constricted bronchioles

Cellular exudates in the alveolar cavities

Full skeletal maturity is evidenced by epiphyseal closure. This results in obliteration of which plate?

a. Fibrous cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Hyaline cartilage
d. Diaphyseal

Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following cells are characteristically flattened, present in capillaries and may have contractile function?

a. Cells of Rouget
b. Endothelial cell
c. Papillary muscles
d. Anchoring filament

Cells of Rouget

Which of the following comprises the microcirculation?

a. Medium-sized vein
b. Pulmonary vein
c. Arteriovenous shunt
d. Large lymphatic vessel

Arteriovenous shunt

Biopsy from a 55-year-old patient’s limb bones revealed yellow marrow. What can explain this?

a. This is a normal development in adults
b. This signifies that total body growth increases faster than marrow space
c. This is a consequence of severe hemorrhage experienced by the patient
d. This patient is undergoing chemotherapy

This is a normal development in adults

An afebrile patient presents with nose bleeding and spontaneous petechiae, similar to his parents. What can explain this?

a. Cytotoxic drugs destroyed the bone marrow
b. Overdose of aspirin
c. Von Willebrand disease
d. The patient has dengue

Von Willebrand disease

The lamina propria and submucosa of the main bronchus is separated by what structure?

a. Smooth muscle
b. Elastic fiber
c. Hyaline cartilage
d. Basal cell

Smooth muscle

Which is TRUE of bronchioles?

a. Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
b. Poorly demarcated tunica submucosa and adventitia
c. Absent glands and nerve endings
d. Diameter of around 10mm with no more hyaline cartilage

Poorly demarcated tunica submucosa and adventitia

Which is TRUE of intercalated discs?

a. It always coincides with the M lines
b. It is a specialized longitudinal junction between muscle cells at sites where they meet and branch
c. It binds the cells, transmits forces of contraction, and provides areas of high electrical resistance for the rhythmic excitation
throughout the myocardium
d. It provides points of anchorage for the myofibrils but also permits rapid spread of contractile stimuli from one cell to another

It provides points of anchorage for the myofibrils but also permits rapid spread of contractile stimuli from one cell to another

Which epithelial cell type is more prominent in the lower trachea?

a. Ciliated columnar
b. Basal
c. Serous
d. Goblet

Ciliated columnar

What is the distinguishing histological feature of the bronchus?

a. Crescent-shaped cartilage plates
b. Accompanied by pulmonary artery only
c. Presence of Clara cells
d. Few glands in the submucosa

Crescent-shaped cartilage plates

Which is the correct pairing of pulmonary vessel and characteristic?

a. Distal pulmonary artery: thick tunica media
b. Large pulmonary vein: elastic fibers in distinct lamina
c. Pulmonary venule: prominent elastic laminae
d. Main pulmonary trunk: prominent fibers in the tunica media

Main pulmonary trunk: prominent fibers in the tunica media

A patient was brought into the emergency room due to a work-related accident. Her hair caught in a machine roller resulting in an avulsion injury. The scalp was completely torn off, revealing bare bone underneath. Which layer is involved?

a. Endosteum
b. Periosteum
c. Bone marrow
d. Lamellar bone

Periosteum

What is the thickest layer of the major vessel that drains blood from the head and neck to the heart

a. Internal elastic lamina
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica adventitia
d. Tunica intima

Tunica adventitia

What is primary a distinguishing characteristic of segmental bronchus compared to bronchus?
a. Crescent-shaped cartilage plates
b. Spirally-arranged smooth muscles
c. Numerous glands
d. Thick lamina propria

Spirally-arranged smooth muscles

A micrograph of the ileum shows alternating layers of spindle and circular-shaped cells with central nuclei interspersed with parasympathetic ganglia. Which of the following is characteristic of muscle cells shown?

a. Branching of fibers
b. Well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. T-tubule and terminal cisternae
d. Subsarcolemmal caveola

Subsarcolemmal caveola

Which is true of the sarcomere?

a. Length of A-band is constant during contraction
b. Actin possesses ATP-activated head groups
c. M-line bisects the I band
d. Myosin is attached to a disc-like zone called Z-line

Length of A-band is constant during contraction

Alveolar macrophages are derived from what structures?

a. Monocytes in the circulating blood
b. Dendritic cells of the lymphoid tissue
c. Type II alveolar epithelial cells
d. Fibroblasts in the inter-alveolar septa

Monocytes in the circulating blood

What structures are NOT present in the wall of the bronchioles?

a. Glands and cartilage plates
b. Smooth muscle and glands
c. Clara cells and cilia
d. Goblet cells and cilia

Glands and cartilage plates

Which is a correct pairing of olfactory epithelium and characteristic?

a. Basal cells: stem cells
b. Sustentacular cells: with apical dendrites
c. Sensory cells: with microvilli
d. Olfactory cells: prominent border

Basal cells: stem cells

A 57-year-old male had a history of myocardial infarction. What is the content of the affected vessel?

a. Atheromatous plaque
b. Pleural fluid
c. Oxygenated blood
d. Deoxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood

A 56-year-old male was brought to the ER and was diagnosed with myocardial infarction. What type of vessel is mainly occluded in this case?

a. Lymphatic vessel
b. Elastic artery
c. Large vein
d. Distributing artery

Distributing artery

Which complement component is able to enhance the phagocytic activity of neutrophils?

a. Opsonin
b. Interferon
c. Interleukin
d. Cytokine

Opsonin

Which WBC contains granules with both histamine and a major basic protein that is toxic to parasites?

a. Basophil
b. Eosinophil
c. Monocyte
d. Lymphocyte

Basophil

Which of the following is TRUE about the main blood vessel that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava?

a. The internal elastic lamina is prominent
b. Tunica media is rich in elastin fibers
c. Tunica adventitia is the thickest and well-developed
d. Tunica adventitia is mainly composed of endothelial cells

Tunica adventitia is the thickest and well-developed

Which of the following is unique to smooth muscles?

a. Thich filaments composed of myosin bind to actin upon phosphorylation
b. Contractile proteins insert into anchoring points within the cytoplasm and to the cell membrane
c. Nexus or gap junctions are sites of low electrical resistance
d. On membrane excitation, free Ca2+ ions are released into the cytoplasm and bind to a protein called calmodulin

Contractile proteins insert into anchoring points within the cytoplasm and to the cell membrane

Which differentiates the lining epithelium of the olfactory mucosa from the respiratory mucosa?

a. Absence of goblet cells
b. Not ciliated
c. Devoid of mucous glands
d. Thick basal lamina

Absence of goblet cells

Which is a characteristic of the respiratory epithelium?

a. Rich in goblet cells
b. Thin basement membrane
c. Lamina propria devoid of glands but with numerous blood vessels
d. Lining of the entire respiratory epithelium

Rich in goblet cells

Which of the following statements about muscle tissue is correct?
a. Cohnheim field pertain to myofibrils seen in the transverse section of skeletal muscle
b. Smooth muscle has single nuclei that are peripherally located
c. Skeletal muscle cells are joined together by intercalated disks
d. Cardiac muscle cells have a fusiform appearance with a centrally placed nucleus

Cohnheim field pertain to myofibrils seen in the transverse section of skeletal muscle

Which characteristic differentiates respiratory bronchiole from the terminal bronchiole?

a. Devoid of goblet cells
b. Presence of Clara cells
c. Absence of mucinous glands
d. Lined by ciliated cuboidal cells

Presence of Clara cells

Which of the following is true of fascia adherens at the intercalated discs?

a. It is a site of low electrical resistance through which excitation passes from cell to cell
b. It provides anchorage for intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
c. It is where myosin filaments at the ends of terminal sarcomeres insert
d. It is the predominant type of membrane-to-membrane contact

It is the predominant type of membrane-to-membrane contact

Which is the function of intercalated discs?

a. Generates electrical impulses and setting the rhythm and rate of the heart
b. Simultaneously activate the left and right ventricular myocardium
c. Allows cardiac muscle cells to contract in unison
d. Transmit electrical impulses from AV node to the right and left ventricles

Allows cardiac muscle cells to contract in unison

Which statement is unique for cardiac muscles?

a. Cells shorten and broaden on contraction
b. Striated muscles with peripheral nuclei parallel to teach other
c. Individual cells are attached to each other end to end by specialized cells junctions termed intercalated discs
d. Cytoplasm of each cell are anchored to the cell membrane attachment junctions

Individual cells are attached to each other end to end by specialized cells junctions termed intercalated discs

Which statement is correct regarding conducting system of the heart?

a. Purkinje fibers received an impulse from the sino-atrial node
b. Initial impulse originates spontaneously in the sino-atrial node
c. Electrochemical stimuli in the sinoatrial node and AV nodes are being transmitted by tight junction
d. Atrioventricular bundle of His runs beneath the endocardium and penetrate the myocardium

Initial impulse originates spontaneously in the sino-atrial node

Which of the following contains the largest amount of elastic fibers in the tunica media?

a. Venule
b. Lymphatic vessel
c. Subclavian artery
d. Coronary artery

Subclavian artery

Which is an example of a vessel that contains abundant eleastin in its tunica media?

a. Renala artery
b. Superior vena cava
c. Glomerulus
d. Brachiocephalic artery

A malnourished patient has been prescribed Vit B complex for about six months, bu the patient was not able to take it. On follow-up, what is an expected finding in the peripheral blood smear

a. Prominent rouleaux formation
b. RBCs measuring 8.2 um
c. Increased reticulocytes
d. Presence of Howell-Jowell bodies

RBCs measuring 8.2 um

Which is TRUE regarding the alveolar wall cell components?

a. Great alveolar cells retain the capacity for cell division
b. Type I pneumocytes are numerous but occupy a smaller alveolar surface area
c. Most of the alveolar surface area is covered by type II pneumocytes
d. Squamous pulmonary epithelial cells secrete surfactants

Great alveolar cells retain the capacity for cell division

Which of the following differentiates vocal fold from the ventricular fold?

a. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinizing
b. Numerous tubulo-acinar glands
c. Lymphocyte infiltration of lamina propria
d. Sharp demarcation of mucosa and submucosa

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinizing

A very thin preschooler submitted stools revealing tapeworm infestation. CBC was requested. Which is true about the expected elevated leukocyte?

a. Its bilobed nucleus can undergo further segmentation
b. Can mature into macrophages
c. It is able to recirculate through blood
d. Its bilobed nucleus can undergo further segmentation

Its bilobed nucleus can undergo further segmentation

Among the following immature cells, which is capable of cellular division?

a. Stabs
b. Myelocyte
c. Reticulocyte
d. Metamyelocyte

Myelocyte

Which of the following describes the venule?

a. Tunica media is composed of 1 to 2 layers of smooth muscles
b. Contains fibrin coagulum
c. Contains oxygenated red blood cells
d. Tunica adventitia is a single alyer of endothelial cells

Tunica media is composed of 1 to 2 layers of smooth muscles

Which of the following cells are characteristically flattened, present in capillaries and may have contractile function?

a. Endothelial cell
b. Cells of Rouget
c. Anchoring filament
d. Papillary muscles

Cells of Rouget

In multiple stab wounds where the patient incurred bleeding of about 2L, what can be seen on the peripheral blood smear?

a. Increased reticulocytes
b. Prominent Rouleaux formation
c. Increased Howell-Jowell bodies
d. RBCs measuring 8.2 um

Increased reticulocytes