history words please sutyd midtemr words

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Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Old World and the New World after 1492

New World

The Americas

Mercantilism

An economic system where colonies exist to benefit the mother country

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and profit

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses where investors share risks and profits

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia and Maryland, focused on tobacco farming

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company that founded Jamestown

Jamestown

The first permanent English colony, founded in 1607

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in the American colonies

Powhatan

A Native American confederation that interacted with Jamestown settlers

Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 uprising by farmers angry at the Virginia government for not protecting them from Native American attacks

Indentured Servant

A person who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies

Pilgrims

English settlers who founded Plymouth Colony for religious freedom

Puritans

Protestants who wanted to purify the Church of England and founded Massachusetts Bay Colony

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, known for farming and trade - Breadbasket of the colonies!

William Penn

A Quaker who founded Pennsylvania and promoted religious tolerance

Transatlantic Trade

Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Middle Passage

The brutal voyage enslaved Africans endured to the Americas

Chattel Slavery

A system where enslaved people were treated as property

Dominion of New England

A failed British attempt to control the New England colonies

Navigation Acts

British laws restricting colonial trade to benefit Britain

Salutary Neglect

A period when Britain loosely enforced colonial laws

Smuggling

Illegal trade to avoid British taxes

French and Indian War

A war between Britain and France over North America - led to the Proclamation of 1763 stating that the colonists could not go past the applachian mountains to prevent attacks with the natives

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended the French and Indian War and gave Britain most French territory in North America

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin’s failed plan to unite the colonies

Proclamation of 1763

British law banning colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

Stamp Act

A tax on printed materials

Townshend Acts

Taxes on imported goods such as tea, glass, and paper

Boston Massacre

An incident where British soldiers killed five colonists

Tea Act

Law allowing the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies. (Tea was cheaper making the British richer but the colonists still hated britain since they had no say in this decision and were lowk pissed so they js threw tea cuz why not (BTP))

Boston Tea Party

Protest where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts

Punitive laws passed after the Boston Tea Party - closed boston harbor

No Taxation Without Representation

The belief that taxes are unfair without political representation

Social Contract Theory

The idea that governments exist to protect people’s rights

Consent of the Governed

Government power comes from the people

Sons of Liberty

A group that protested British taxes

Daughters of Liberty

Women who supported boycotts of British goods

Committees of Correspondence

A system used by colonies to communicate and organize

Patriot

A colonist who supported independence

Loyalist

A colonist who supported Britain

Common Sense

Thomas Paine’s pamphlet arguing for independence

Continental Army

The American army led by George Washington

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring independence and listing natural rights

Natural Rights

Life, liberty, and property

Thomas Hobbes

Believed people need a strong government to maintain order (made the book leviathan)

John Locke

Believed in natural rights and limited government

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the war that gained French support

Crossing the Delaware

Washington’s surprise attack at Trenton (Showed his leadership!)

Marquis de Lafayette

French general who helped the Americans

Yorktown

Final major battle of the Revolutionary War

Lord Cornwallis

British general defeated at Yorktown

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended the Revolutionary War and recognized USA

Articles of Confederation

America’s first government with a weak central authority

Shays’ Rebellion

An uprising that showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation - FARMERS were in debt and angry about high taxes and foreclosures

Constitutional Convention

Meeting held to create the Constitution

Federalism

Power divided between national and state governments

Separation of Powers

Division of government into three branches

Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who influenced separation of powers

Checks and Balances

Each branch limits the power of the others

Great Compromise

Created a bicameral legislature with equal state (2 per state) and population-based representation

Three-Fifths Compromise

Counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation

Limited Government

Government power is restricted by what the Constitution says

Prohibition of the International Slave Trade

Law ending the importation of enslaved people in 1808 - Hamitlon was in support of this idea

Federalists

Supported a strong national government

Anti-Federalists

Supported stronger state governments and individual rights

Ratification

The process of approving the Constitution

Federalist Papers

Essays supporting ratification of the Constitution

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments protecting individual freedoms

Federalist Party

Political party led by Alexander Hamilton

Democratic-Republican Party

Political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist leader and creator of the financial plan

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Included a national bank, tariffs, excise taxes, and debt assumption

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers protested the whiskey tax, Washington used troops to stop it

Regionalism

Loyalty to one’s region rather than the nation

Jay’s Treaty

Treaty that improved relations between the US and Europe by sorta stopping a potential war from happening (stopped inpressment)

Pinckney’s Treaty

Treaty with Spain opening the Mississippi River and New Orleans (established borders too)

French Revolution

A revolt caused by inequality and abuse of power

Neutrality Policy

Washington’s decision to avoid foreign conflicts

Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned against political parties and foreign alliances

First Amendment

Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms

Third Amendment

No quartering of soldiers in private homes during peacetime

Fourth Amendment

Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures

Fifth Amendment

Protection against self-incrimination and guarantee of due process

Sixth Amendment

Right to a speedy and public trial with an attorney

Seventh Amendment

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

Eighth Amendment

Protection against cruel and unusual punishment

Ninth Amendment

Rights not listed in the Constitution are still protected

Tenth Amendment

Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states