A&P Speech Production Exam 1

Anatomical position

Body standing erect, facing observer, arms at side, palms facing forward

Posterior/dorsal

Toward the back

Anterior/ventral

Toward the belly

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Toward the feet

Medial

Towards the midline

Superficial

Towards the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface

Lateral

Away from the center of the body

Coronal plane

Divides the body into front and back parts

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right parts

Transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower parts

Section

View of the body cut by any planes

Supine

Laying on the back

Prone

Laying on the front

Where are you looking from for the sagittal plane?

From the left

Where are you looking from for the coronal plane?

From the front

Where are you looking from for the transverse plane?

From the feet

Proximal

Towards the body or root of free extremity

Distal

Away from the body or root of free extremity

Tissue

Combination of cells and intracellular substances that forms functional unity

Types of tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Epithelial tissue

Sheet covering external surface of the body, lining tubes and passageways to exterior, and interior body cavities

Function of epithelial tissue

Protection, secretion, absorption, sensation

Basement membrane

Stabilizes epithelial cells and connects them to the connective tissue

Simple epithelial tissue

Single layer of cells

Stratified epithelial tissue

Multiple layers of cells

Cell shapes

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Make-up of epithelial tissue

No intracellular fluid, just cells

Epithelial tissue proper

Range of types; located on the epidermis or outer skin layer

Endothelial tissue

Made of simple squamous cells; located on inner lining of walls of blood and lymph vessels

Mesothelial tissue

Made of simple squamous cells; a smooth, slippery lining of primary body cavities

Function of connective tissue

Connect or bind structures together, support the body, and aid in body maintenance

Types of connective tissue

Connective tissue proper, special connective tissue

Areolar tissue

Loose connective tissue with an irregular structure that provides support for epithelium and fills space between organs

Adipose tissue

Areolar tissue that is optimized to store fat

Fibrous connective tissue

Dense connective tissue that provides a means to transmit loads between parts of the body; characterized by intercellular substance

Tendons

Tough, nonelastic cords always associated with muscle that provides attachment

Aponeurosis

Sheet of tendon-like material that acts as a covering anchor point for some muscles

Ligament

Similar to tendons in properties, but more elastic; used to join bone-bone, bone-cartilage, and cartilage-cartilage

Fascia

Woven sheet of fibers that are irregularly arranged; encases groups of muscle fibers to divide their functioning

Cartilage (elastic tissue)

Can bear/transmit load while remaining flexible; forms the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and ears

Hyaline cartilage

Covers articular surfaces of joints, forms framework for larynx and lower respiratory tract

Elastic cartilage

Soft, rubbery cartilage; involved in production or reception of sound

Fibrocartilage

Contains collagen fibers; acts as a protective layers in some joints

Bone tissue

Rigid calcified connective tissue used for structure

Compact bone tissue

Outer shell of bone

Spongy bone tissue

Interior portion of bone which contains bone marrow and hematopoietic cells

Vascular tissue

Fluid tissues such as blood or lymph which carries nutrients to cells, removes waste, distributes heat, and protects against disease

Muscle tissue

Controls motion and position of parts of the body by contracting

Smooth muscle

Found where movement in relatively independent of voluntary control like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels; not insulated and organized randomly

Striated muscle

Voluntary muscles; are insulated, neatly organized, and multi-nucleiated

Cardiac muscle

Special combination of smooth and striated muscle found in the heart; neatly organized but not insulated

Origin

Attachment that is fixed or moves less

Insertion

Structure being acted upon or moved via contraction

Nervous tissue

Transmit electrical pulses called action potentials and can alter their electrical state

Neuron

Basic unit of nervous tissue that performs the bulk of information processing; excitable

Glial cells

Supporting cells that provide energy to the neurons and eliminate waste; not excitable

Tissue

Combination of cells and intracellular substances that forms functional unity

Organ

2 or more tissues combined together to exhibit functional unity

System

2 or more organs combined to exhibit functional unity

Region

Particular area of the body, perhaps containing more than 1 organ and/or system

Axial skeleton

Central bones of the body including the vertebral column, skull, hyoid bone, and rib cage

Appendicular skeleton

Bones near the edge of the body including the pelvic girdle, arms, and legs

Process

Bony prominence whose function is muscle attachments

Condyle

Rounded, knucklelike process

Crest

Prominent ridge

Spine

Sharp projection that protrudes from a flat surface

Head

Enlargement at one end of a bone where bones are connected/jointed together

Tubercle

Small rounded projection

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection

Trochanter

Very large bony projection that forms muscle attachment points

Fissure

Deep cleft or groove

Groove

Narrow furrow at the surface; more superficial than a fissure

Foramen

Opening or hole on bone

Fossa

Shallow depression or hollow

Facet

A smooth flat or nearly flat circumscribed surface that acts as attachment points for tendons and ligaments

Neck

Constriction near end of bone

Fovea

Very small pit-like depression

Meatus

Tube or passageway

Sinus

Cavity within bone

Sulcus

Groove or furrow used when discussing the brain

Elevations

Protrusions from the bone

Depression

Indentations, cavities, or openings on bone surface

Joints

Where skeletal bones are functionally connected

Synarthrodial joints

Immoveable, fibrous joints where bones are almost in direct contact joined by connective tissue

Amphiarthrodial joints

Flexible, yielding joints where bone edges are united by interposing cartilage; allows bending or flexing but not relative motion

Diarthrodial joints

Moveable joints that allow relative motion between bones and has synovial fluid; ball and socket and hinge

Mechanical advantage

Force arm > resistance arm; small applied force will move large resistive force

Mechanical disadvantage

Force arm < resistance arm; large applied force required to overcome small resistance force

Class I lever system

Applied force at one end with resistance force at the other end and the fulcrum between the forces; may operate with mechanical advantage or disadvantage (archimedes)

Class II lever system

Fulcrum at one end with applied force at the other end and the resistance force in between; always operates with mechanical advantage (wheelbarrow)

Class III lever system

Fulcrum at one end with resistance force at the other end and the applied force in between; always operates with mechanical disadvantage (shovel)

Antagonistic pairs of muscles

Muscles that exert force in opposite directions

Flexion

Bending of a part

Extension

Straightening

Adduction

Movement toward median plane

Abduction

Movement away from the median plane

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial and spinal nerves