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while Statement

A loop control statement that executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.

do-while Statement

A loop control statement that executes a block of code at least once before checking a specified condition at the end of the loop.

for Statement

A loop control statement that allows for concise initialization, condition-checking, and iteration in a single line.

Infinite Loop

A loop that continues indefinitely, usually due to a condition that never evaluates to false.

String Operation Functions

Pre-defined functions in programming used for reading, comparing, and processing string data.

strcmp()

A function that compares two strings and returns an integer indicating their relationship.

strlen()

A function that calculates and returns the length of a given string, excluding the null terminator.

Loop Counter

A variable that keeps track of the number of iterations within a loop.

Branching

A method in programming that allows decision making via conditions, often implemented using if-else statements.

Relational Operators

Symbols that express comparisons between values, such as

Logical Operators

Operators used to form complex Boolean expressions, including AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!).

If-else statement

A conditional branching statement that executes one block of code if a condition is true, and another block if it is false.

Nested if Statements

An if statement inside another if statement, allowing for multiple levels of condition checking.

Boolean Data Type

A data type with only two possible values: true or false.

Compound Statements

A group of statements that can be executed together, often enclosed in braces {}.

Switch Statement

An alternative for multiple if-else conditions that selects one block of code to execute based on the value of a variable.

Evaluation of Relational Operators

The process of determining the truth value of relational expressions, which results in 1 (true) or 0 (false).

Precedence Rules

The order in which operators in an expression are evaluated, affecting the result of the expression.

Conditional Statement

A statement in programming that executes different actions based on whether a specified condition is true or false.

Branching

The process of executing different parts of a program based on the evaluation of conditions.

One-way Selection

A type of conditional statement that executes a single block of code if the condition is true, without an alternative block for false conditions.

Nested if Statements

An if statement placed inside another if statement, allowing for multiple levels of conditional logic.

Nested If Statements

An if statement placed inside another if statement, allowing for multiple layers of conditions.

One-Way Selection

An if statement that executes a block of code only if its condition is true, without an else clause.

Multibranch If-Else Statements

A structure that allows multiple possible paths of execution based on different conditions.

Logical NOT

An operator that inverts the truth value of an expression, converting true to false and vice versa.

Boolean Data Type

A datatype that can hold one of two values: true or false.

Input/Output

The process of taking user input and displaying outputs based on program logic and conditions.

Data types

Classifications of data items that tell the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data.

define directive

A preprocessor directive used in C to define a macro, replacing the identifier with a specified replacement text.

Constant variable

An initialized variable whose value cannot change after it has been set.

Type conversion

The process of converting a variable from one data type to another.

Primitive types

Basic data types built into the programming language, such as int, char, and float.

Built-in Math functions

Predefined functions in C that perform mathematical operations, like sqrt and pow.

Operator Precedence

The rules that determine the order in which different operators are evaluated in expressions.

User input

Data that a program receives from the user during execution.

Implicit conversion

Automatic conversion performed by the compiler when changing data types, such as from int to double.

Looping Structures

Programming routines that implement repetitive tasks.

while Statement

A control structure that executes a block of code repeatedly as long as the condition evaluates to true.

do-while Statement

A control structure that executes a block of code at least once before checking the condition at the end of the loop.

for Statement

A control structure that is used for repetitive tasks with a predetermined count, typically more concise than while statements.

count Variable

A loop control variable that determines how many times the loop will execute.

infinite loop

A loop that continues indefinitely because its terminating condition is never met.

strcmp()

A function that compares two strings character by character.

strlen()

A function that calculates the length of a string, excluding the null character.

fgets()

A function that reads a line of text from a terminal or file.

Checkpoint

A condition that determines whether the loop should continue executing or terminate.

Buffer Length

The maximum number of characters that can be read into a string variable.

Null Character

A special character ‘\0’ used to indicate the end of a string in C/C++.

Input from Standard Input

Data that is received by the program, typically via keyboard or terminal.

include

Preprocessor directive to include the Standard Input Output library in a C program.

Constant variable

An initialized variable whose value cannot change after its initial assignment.

Type casting

The conversion of one data type to another, such as from int to double.

Primitive data types

Basic data types provided by C, such as char, int, float, and double.

Built-in Math functions

Functions that perform mathematical operations, like sqrt for square root.

Format specifiers

Used in printf and scanf to define the type of data being handled.

Implicit conversion

Automatic conversion of data types by the compiler when needed.

User-defined type

A type defined by the user in C, such as structs or unions.

Data type sizes

Discusses the size and memory allocation for different data types in C.

Fixed Constants

Constants defined using the #define directive which are substituted by values.

Variable declaration statement

A statement that defines a variable's name and type.

Output statement

A command used to display information to the console.

User input retrieval

The process of receiving input from the user in a program.

Data Types

Classifications of data that tell the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data.

Variables

Named storage locations in memory that can hold different values during the execution of a program.

Arithmetic Operations

Mathematical calculations performed using operators such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Interpreter

A program that executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without requiring them to have been compiled into machine language.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a task.

Source Code

The human-readable instructions and statements written in a programming language.

Machine Code

Low-level code that is directly executed by the computer's CPU.

High-Level Language (HLL)

A programming language that is more abstract than assembly or machine code, making it easier for humans to read and write.

printf

A standard library function in C used to output formatted text to the console.

Variable Declaration

The process of defining a variable's type and name before using it in a program.

Function Header

The line in a function that specifies the function's name, return type, and parameters.

Identifier

A name given to a variable, function, or other user-defined item in a program.

Keyword

Reserved words in a programming language that have special meaning and cannot be used as identifiers.

Common Programming Errors

Frequent mistakes made by programmers such as syntax errors and logical errors.

Arithmetic Operation Example

Calculating the sum of numbers using n(a+b)/2 formula.

FILE*

A pointer to a FILE structure that allows programs to read and write to files.

fprintf()

The function used to write a sequence of characters to a file.

fscanf()

The function used to read a sequence of characters from a file.

stdin

A predefined FILE* that is pre-associated with a system's standard input, usually the keyboard.

stdout

A predefined FILE* that is pre-associated with a system's standard output, usually the computer screen.

Input parsing

The process of analyzing a string or text into logical syntactic components.

scanf()

A function used to read formatted input from the standard input.

sscanf()

A function used to read formatted input from a string rather than from standard input.

Format specifiers

Special characters within the format string of scanf() that define how input is read.

Buffer

A temporary storage area that holds data before it is processed.

Code memory

The region where the program instructions are stored.

Static memory

The region where global variables and static local variables are allocated, which remain in the same memory location throughout the duration of a program's execution.

Stack

The memory region where function's local variables are allocated during a function call and automatically deallocated upon returning from the function.

Heap

The memory region where dynamic memory allocation occurs, using functions like malloc and free.

Struct

A construct that defines a new type to group related variables, known as data members.

Typedef

A keyword used to create a new name for an existing type.

Member access operator

The '.' operator used to access a struct's data members.

malloc()

A function used to allocate memory dynamically for a variable of a struct type.

Returning multiple values

The capability of a struct to return multiple values from a function in a single entity.

Data member

Each subitem within a struct, which can be of any type.

What is a string in programming terms?

A sequence of characters stored in a char array.

How does a string in a char array signify its end?

It must end with a null character, written as '\0'.