Cytology

What does the plasma membrane include

Lipid bilayer, proteins, glycocalyx

What types of proteins

Peripherial and transmembrane proteins

transmembrane proteins

passes completely through lipid bilayer

peripheral protein

are just attached on the inner or outer layer of the phospholipid bilayer, but dont go through the phospholipid bilayer.

glycolipid

sugar attached to lipid

glycoprotein

carbohydrate thats attached to a protein

glycocalyx

on the extracellular face(outer) and is the sugar coating to the cell which identifies other cells as friend or foe

hydrophobic

scared of water

the little tails

hydrophilc

likes water

the actual head

Cytoskeleton

made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

like network of ropes and beams that give cell its shape, support, and helps move substances from one end to another end of a cell.

mitochondria

Synthesizes ATP, which creates energy for the cell to live/function.

proteasome

breaks down or recycles damage or unneeded proteins

peroxisome

breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances in cell

lysosome

breaks down and recycles unwanted or harmful materials in cell

Golgi Apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery inside or outside of the cell.

receives proteins from rough ER

nucleolous

produces ribosomes

ribosomes

protein synthesis and assembles amino acids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

has ribosomes on it and wil make and process proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

has NO ribosomes, makes lipids, detoxify drugs, and stores calcium

cytosol

gel like fluid within the cell

the cytoplasm

surrounds the cytosol, organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeletom

cell junction

Allows cells to grow, divide normally, resist stress, communicate, and control movement of substances between them

tight junction

zipper like junction between epithelial cells that tightly restricts passage between the 2 cells.

Gap junction

allows for open communication between cells.

like

desmosomes

they are like spot welds that hold two cells together like a connection.

Doesnt allow stuff to pass

hemidesmosome

attach cell to basement membrane of the Extra celluar matrix(ECM)

Extracellular matrix

the outside of a cell that doesn’t hold any of the organelles within a cell

intracellular matrix

the inside of a cell that does hold the cytoplasm and organelles. related to tissue environment

Nucleus structures

Nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, and chromatin

Nuclear pores

lets materials in and out of the nucleus

Nuclear envelope

has two layers the encapsulate the nucleus with the inner and outer membranes. The outer touches the Endoplasmic reticulum.

Chromatin

coiled DNA+protein mixed together

holds genetic instructions

Passive transport

require no energy to move substances inside or outside cell.

includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and filtration

Active transport

Drives the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane from low to high concentration requiring ATP.

simple diffusion

movement of molecules directly through the lipid bilayer from high to low concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

Moves across the membrane from high to low but through some type of protein channel or carrier.

filtration

fluid is physically forced through membrane that allows water and some solutes to pass

Cell cycle

consists of G1, S phase, G2 phase, Mitotic phase

interphase

consists of G1, S, and G2 phase.

Mitotic phase

includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

G1

cell synthesizes protein and grows in size. It prepares for DNA replication.

S phase

DNA is replicated so each new cell will receive a full set of chromosomes

G2 Phase

Checks the DNA for errors and makes final preparations for mitosis.

Mitotic phase

Cell divides into two new cells

where cell division occurs

Metaphase

DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope starts to break down

chromosomes line up in middle of cell

anaphase

chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of cell

telophase

new nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm into two cell

what occurs after cytokinesis?

enters the G1 phase

Transcription

In the nucleus the cell copies the instructions from the DNA into a message called mRNA.

Translation

Happens in cytoplasm in a ribosome where the ribosome reads the mRNA and puts the amino acids together to make a protein.

organelles responsible for protein production

Nucleus, ribosomes, RER, Golgi apparatus,

different plasma membrane proteins

receptor, channel, gated channel, cell identity marker, enzyme

Gated channel

opens and closes at certain time to allow ions through

channel

channel protein that constantly allows solutes like ions to pass in and out of the cell

cell identity marker

glycoprotein that distinguishes between good and bad cells

Receptor

receives chemical signal from outside cell then binds to a certain molecule to force a response

cellular permeability

how easily substances can pass through the cell membrane

gene

set of instructions in your DNA that tells the cell how to make a protein that performs a specific job in the body.