mr murray science

Gas Exchange

The process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released, mainly occurring in the lungs.

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen, represented by the equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen, resulting in lactic acid in animals or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast and plants.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, using chlorophyll to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Exothermic Reactions

Reactions that release energy into the surroundings, usually in the form of heat.

Endothermic Reactions

Reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings, causing a decrease in temperature.

Combustion

A rapid chemical process involving a substance and oxygen, producing heat and light, classified as an exothermic reaction.

Thermal Decomposition

The breakdown of a chemical substance by heat, characterized as an endothermic reaction.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of chemical elements ordered by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

Elements

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Compounds

Substances consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

Force

Any interaction that changes the motion of an object when unopposed.

Pressure

The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area, represented by P = F/A.

Hooke's Law

A law stating that the force needed to extend or compress a spring is proportional to that distance, represented by F = -kx.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Carbon Dioxide

A byproduct of respiration that is released into the environment.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment in plants that captures sunlight for photosynthesis.

Light Energy

Energy from the sun that is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Chemical Bond

The attractive force that holds together atoms in a compound.

Spring Constant (k)

A constant that represents the stiffness of a spring in Hooke's Law.

Energy Transfer

The movement of energy from one place to another, essential in both exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Chemical Reaction

A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances into another.

Oxygen

A gas that is essential for aerobic respiration and is taken in by living organisms.

Mitochondria

Cell organelles where aerobic respiration occurs.

Stomach

The organ where digestion continues after the mouth.

Small Intestine

The organ where digestion is completed and absorption of nutrients begins.

Ethanol

An alcohol produced during anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast.

Lactic Acid

A byproduct of anaerobic respiration in animals.

Heat

A form of energy that can be released or absorbed during chemical reactions.

Recursion in Periodic Table

The recurring chemical properties of elements arranged by atomic number.

Motion Change

The alteration in the state of rest or uniform motion due to force.

Byproducts

Substances produced during a chemical process that are not the primary product.

Photosynthesis Equation

The chemical reaction: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Oxidant

A substance that can accept electrons in a chemical reaction, essential for combustion.

Thermal Decomposition Example

The breakdown of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide under heat.

Adaptation

A characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Energy Source

Any source that provides energy, such as glucose in cellular respiration.

Environment

The surrounding conditions that affect organisms and their survival.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics of substances that dictate how they react with other substances.

Binding Energy

The energy that holds atoms together within a molecule.

Surroundings

The external environment surrounding a