CH5: Metabolism

chapter 5 in whole

metabolism

metabolism

chemical reaction in body's cells that change food into energy

anabolism

builds; uses energy

catabolism

destroys; uses and produces energy

energy

ability to do work; ability to cause some kind of change

autotroph

make own food using the sun's energy; producers

heterotroph

doesn't make own food, eats others for energy; consumers

trophic levels

an organism's place in the food chain

producers

make their own food

primary consumers

herbivores

secondary consumer

carni-/omnivores that eat herbivores

tertiary consumers

carnivores that eat other carni-/omnivores

quaternary consumers

apex predators

decomposers

decompose dead things

kinetic energy

the energy of motion

potential energy

stored energy related to its position

chemical energy

energy stored in chemical bonds

thermodynamics

the study of heat and other energy forms

laws of thermodynamics

characteristics we see with energy

first law of thermodynamics

energy can't be created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

energy tends to disperse

biochemical reactions

molecules changing into other molecules

reactants

molecules that enter a reaction to be changed

products

molecules produced by a reaction

exergonic

energy releasing; spontaneous

endergonic

energy consuming; need energy

activation energy

minimum amount of energy needed to produce a chemical reaction

catalysis

speeds up reaction

active site

on enzymes, where catalysis occurs

substrates

on molecule, match active site

feedback inhibition

molecules block enzyme active sites

electron transfer chain

series of enzymes and molecules that transfer electrons as glucose bonds are broken one by one

cofactors

small molecules that help enzymes

coenzymes

organic cofactors

phosphorylation

donates phosphate group to enzyme which donates to reaction

fluid mosaic model

move around freely within membrane bilayer

integral proteins

permanent proteins found in membranes

peripheral proteins

temporary proteins found in membranes

diffusion

spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas

osmosis

the movement of fluid across membranes

hypertonic

when water moves out of the cell, shrivels

hypotonic

when water moves in the cell, expands

isotonic

equal sharing of water inside and out, ideal

turgor

the water pressure that gives plant cell their structure

pinocytosis

endocytosis of liquids and sometimes small molecules

phagocytosis

endocytosis of large molecules