Ch.5 Philosophy in the Age of Reason

natural law

laws which govern human nature; used to study human behavior

social contract

an agreement where people give up their natural site for an organized society

natural right

life, liberty, and property; John Locke wants to protect

philosophe

applied methods of science to better understand and improve society; "Lovers of Wisdom"

Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau

Who were the 3 philosophers?

laissez faire

supported by physiocrats in France; allowing businesses to operate with little or no gov. interference - not concerned with mercantilism (gold & silver) - wealth comes from making productive use of land - don't support tariff

enlightenment

revolution in thinking; through use of reason, people & gov. could solve every problem

results from the scientific revolution; things like curing smallpox/vaccine

What convinced educated Europeans to accept the power of reason?

- new ideas on gov., philosophy & religion
- spoke out against slavery
- encouraged freedom of speech & education to everyone, not just wealthy

What topics were addressed by the philosophes in their Encyclopedia articles?

supply & demand = most efficient way for the economy to function (generates wealth & betters society)

Why did Smith support laissez faire?

if there is demand for goods, then supplies will meet b/c of economics

What did Smith feel about supply & demand?

- protect society
- administrate justice
- provide public works

What did Smith believe 3 gov. duties were?

censorship

To protect against Enlightenment ideas, gov. and church authorities imposed___

toleration

Frederick the Great practiced religious___

Rococo

____'s art was personal and charming

Pamela

Richardson's novel ___ uses letters to tell a story

women

The salons of the Enlightenment were the work of ___

power

Catherine the Great, like other monarchs, did not intend to give up any ___

Joseph II

___ was called the "peasant emperor"

Bach

___ composed religious works for organ and choirs

serfdom

In central and eastern Europe, ___ remained firmly rooted

salon

gathering place in France; enlightened ideas were spread

enlightened despot

European monarchs use power to bring about political & social change

baroque

music & art style; grand & complex

upper class

Who was the audience for "courtly art"?

- grand and complex during 1700s
- intense emotion/music
- dramatic detail
- movement of bodies

What were the characteristics of Baroque's art?

- personal
- elegant
- charming
- delicate
- bright

What were the characteristics of Rococo's art?

church; make a statement after the Revolution

Who commissioned Baroque's art style? Why?

nature within the Enlightenment

What does Rococo's style of art relate to?

- self portraits
- family life in town/country

What kind of art did the growing middle class (merchants/town officials) want?

- ballets & operas
- opera houses opened for paying public

What became very popular for the people, where was it performed?

ordered, structured form

What did music follow?

Johann Sebastian Bach

- German Luther
- wrote complex & beautiful works for the organ & choir
- church music

George Frederick Handel

- German but spent most of his life in England
- wrote primarily for King George I
- known for the work "Messiah"

peasants, middle class, mobility (aristocrats), monarchs

What is the status rankings from lowest to highest?

monarchs

reforms which caused taxes to peasants & middle class (negative affect instead of positive); motivated by the state which would improve the money & power; viewed position differently (take care of others)

mobility (aristocrats)

gain power from reforms; asked by the monarchs for a voice in the gov.; larger say in gov.; most opposed to enlightenment; became very wealthy & built massive homes