Endosymbiotic Theory
evolution of eukaryotic organisms from prokaryotic organisms by symbiosis; organelles originated form prokaryotic cells trapped inside them
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis of proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis and storage of lipids
Molds
MULTIcellular
Yeast
UNIcellular
Superficial Fungal Infections
on surface of body, not invasive
Systematic Fungal Infections
deeply invasive; can invade lungs and other tissues
Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton
fungi that occur naturally in the soil and on animals, can cause infections of the epidermis (dermatophytes)
Ex. tinea corporis (ringworm)
Candida albicans
yeas that occurs naturally on the body, can cause opportunistic infections of the epidermis
Ex. candidiasis (thrush) - common fungal infection of mucus membranes, skin, and nails
Cryptococcus neoformans
found in soil, decaying wood, tree hollows, or bird droppings and acquired through inhalation of spores; can cause no infection, latent infection, or systemic disease in immunocompromised hosts
Mastigophorans defintion
flagellated and single nucleus pathogens, most form cyst and are free-living
Examples of Matigophoran Pathogens
Trypanosoma - causes African Sleeping Disease and spread by insect vectors
Giardia - causes giardiasis and spread by water contaminated with feces
Trichomonas - a parasite of reproductive tract, causes trichomoniasis (STD) and spread by sexual contact
Amoebas (Sarcodina)
major locomotors are pseudopods, asexual repoduction by fission, mostly uninucleate, free-living and not infectious
Examples of Amoeba Pathogens
Entamoeba histolytica - causes bloddy diarrhea
Ciliphorans
trophozoites are motile by cilia, some have cilia in tufts for feeding and attachment, most develop cysts
Examples of Ciliphoran Pathogens
Balantidium coli - cause intestinal infection called balantidiasis which causes diarrhea and abdominal pain
Apicomplexans (Sporozoa)
motility is absent in most cells, complex life cycles with asexual and sexual stages
Examples of Apicomplexan Pathogens
Plasmodium - cause Malaria and infected by mosquitoes
Toxoplasma gondii - causes an acute infection called toxplasmosis and acquired from cats
Cryptosporidium - causes cryptosporidiosis transmitted by contaminated water causing diarrhea
Flatworms
flat, no definite body cavity, digestive tract a blind pouch, simple excretory and nervous systems
Ex. Cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes with sucking mouthparts)
Roundworms
also called nematodes, round, complete digestive tract, spines and hooks on mouth, excretory and nervous systems poorly developed
Ex. Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Medical Importance of Helminth Infections
distributed worldwide
affections billions of humans
acquired through…
ingestion of larvae or eggs in food
soil or water
insect vectors