⭐ UNIT 4 — Middle Childhood

Puberty

Period of rapid physical and hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity.

Biological Side of Puberty

Hormones, growth spurts, primary/secondary sex characteristics.

Psychological Side of Puberty

Emotional changes, mood swings, identity development.

Timing of Puberty

Age when puberty begins; varies by genetics and environment.

Influences on Timing

Nutrition, stress, body fat, genetics, health.

Outcomes of Early/Late Puberty

Early girls = higher risk behaviors; early boys = confidence or aggression.

Primary Sex Characteristics

Organs directly involved in reproduction.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Physical traits signaling sexual maturity (hair, breasts, voice changes).

Body Image

How someone perceives their own body.

Eating Disorders

Mental health conditions involving disordered eating (anorexia, bulimia, binge eating).

Teen Pregnancy Dangers

Higher health risks for mother and baby.

Sex Education

Programs teaching sexual health, behavior, and protection.

Adolescent Egocentrism

Thinking intensely about oneself and believing others do too.

Personal Fable

Belief that one's experiences are unique ("No one understands me").

Imaginary Audience

Belief that everyone is watching or judging you.

James Marcia's Identity Stages

Identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement.

Identity Arenas

Religion, politics, vocation, gender/sexual identity.

Postformal Thought

More flexible, practical adult thinking beyond formal logic.

Changes in Identity

Shifts in values, roles, and beliefs over time.

Changes in Self-Esteem

Fluctuations through adolescence based on peers, school, and body image.

Family Relationships

Emotional closeness, conflict, and support patterns within families.