World War 1 Test

King George

United Kingdom

Tsar Nicholas II

Russia

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Germany

Emperor Franz Joseph

Austria-Hungary

Woodrow Wilson

United States

MAIN causes of WWI

The four main causes of World War I were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system.

The event that lit 'the powder keg of Europe'

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Central Powers at the beginning of the war

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

Triple Entente members at the start of the war

France, Britain, and Russia.

The 'blank check'

Germany's promise to fully support Austria-Hungary after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy to win the war quickly by defending against Russia while launching a fast invasion through Belgium to capture Paris and defeat France before turning back to fight Russia.

Factors that slowed the German advance

The Allies stopped the Germans at the Marne River in France, leading to a stalemate.

Trench warfare

A type of fighting where soldiers fought from long, deep trenches across 'no man's land.'

New technologies during WWI

New weapons included machine guns, tanks, poison gas, airplanes, submarines, and long-range artillery.

No Man's Land

The area between trenches.

Shell shock

A mental condition now known as PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) suffered by many soldiers.

Trench foot

A condition caused by standing in wet, muddy trenches for too long, which could cause discomfort and even death.

Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare

One major reason that motivated the US to join the Allied efforts to win the war.

Sussex Pledge

A promise by Germany to stop sinking passenger ships without warning after the U.S. protested.

Sinking of the Lusitania

The sinking of a British ship by a German submarine, killing 128 Americans, which angered the U.S.

Zimmermann note

A secret German telegram asking Mexico to join Germany against the U.S., promising to help Mexico get back lost land.

Black Tom Armory incident

German agents blew up a U.S. weapons depot in New Jersey in 1916, causing huge explosions and damage.

Russia's withdrawal from the war

Russia dropped out after the Bolshevik Revolution, when Vladimir Lenin took power and made peace with Germany.

Big Four of the Treaty of Versailles

Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau - France, Vittorio Orlando - Italy.

14 Points

The idea proposed by Woodrow Wilson.

Self-determination

The idea that people of a particular nationality or ethnic group have the right to govern themselves and choose their own political status.

Bolshevik Revolution

A revolution in Russia that led to the establishment of a communist government, which was not recognized by the Allies.

War Guilt Clause

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which placed full responsibility for the war on Germany and its allies.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended WWI and imposed heavy penalties on Germany.

Hussein-McMahon Agreement

A secret correspondence promising Arab independence in exchange for revolt against the Ottoman Empire.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret 1916 agreement dividing Ottoman lands in the Middle East into zones of influence.

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 statement supporting the establishment of a 'national home for the Jewish people' in Palestine.

Middle East after Treaty of Versailles

The region was divided into British and French mandates, ignoring Arab aspirations for self-determination.

Proposal for Racial Equality

Japan's proposal at the Versailles Conference seeking recognition of racial equality, which was rejected.

US Senate refusal to ratify Treaty of Versailles

Opposition due to fears the League of Nations would entangle the US in foreign wars and undermine sovereignty.

League of Nations HQ

Located in Geneva, Switzerland.

Nationalism

A strong belief in the value and supremacy of one's nation.

Imperialism

The ability of a nation to exert its will and power over another nation or region.

Germany's punishment after WWI

Germany had to accept full blame, pay reparations, limit its military, lose territory, and was excluded from the League of Nations.

Germany's reparations

Germany was forced to pay huge reparations to the Allied countries.

Demilitarization of Rhineland

The Rhineland was demilitarized as part of the Treaty of Versailles.

Exclusion from League of Nations

Germany was initially excluded from the League of Nations as part of the Treaty of Versailles.

Loss of territories by Russia

Russia lost large territories due to a separate peace with Germany and the independence of several nations.

Independence of nations from Russian Empire

Nations such as Finland, Poland, and the Baltic states gained independence after WWI.