SHS 300 Quiz 3

What makes up the respiratory system?

1. chest wall

2. airways

3. lungs

What makes up the chest wall?

1. thorax

2. diaphragm

3. abdomen

What makes up airways?

1. upper airways 

2. lower airways 

3. larynx 

What structures make up the Pectoral Girdle?

1. clavicle 

2. scapula 

clavicle

Scapula

What makes up the sternum

1. manubrium 

2. body 

3. xihiod process 

Manubrium 

Body of Sternum

Xihoid Process 

How many ribs are there?

12 pairs

Ribs 1-7

true ribs

Ribs 8-10

false ribs 

Ribs 11-12

Floating ribs 

What structures make up the pelvic girdle?

1. illium 

2. ishium 

3. pubis 

4. sacrum 

5. coccyx 

Illium

Ishium 

Pubis 

Sacrum 

Coccyx

What separates the respiratory airways?

Larynx

What makes up the upper airways?

1. oral cavity 

2. nasal cavity 

3. pharynx 

What makes up lower airways?

1. trachea

2. bronchial tree 

3. lungs 

What is the airways function?

• articulation and resonance

• filter, moisten, and warm incoming sound 

Larynx

Trachea 

Bronchi

Bronchial Tree

Inner membrane of trachea

Consists of pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
• Contains cilia
• Cilia in constant motion
• Beating/upward sweeping motion
helps rid trachea of small particles
• Goblet cells: release mucus

Vertebral column function

protects spinal cord

What are the 5 divisions of the vertebral column? 

1. cervical 

2. thoracic 

3. lumbar 

4. sacral 

5. coccygeal

Cervical

1-7

Thoracic 

Lumbar 

Sacral 

Coccygeal 

What are the functions of the respiratory system? 

1. gas exchange for life

2. movement of air - inspiration and expiration 

3. provides air to power the voice for speech 

Pulmonary Alveoli

Terminal bronchioles 

communicate with alveolar ducts which open alveolar sacs of lungs 

Left lunf

2 lobes, 1 fissure

Right lung

3 lobes, 2 fissures

What is function of alveoli?

exchange of CO2 and O2

What is the function of pleurae?

translates movements of rib cage and abdomen to lungs

Parietal pleura

covers inner rib cage and top of diaphragm

Visceral pleura 

covers outer surface of lungs 

What are the main muscles of inhalation?

1. diaphragm 

2. external intercostal 

What is the main function of diaphragm?

pulls central tendon downward and forward and increases thoracic volume and decreases pressure (inspiration)

Diaphragm 

What is innervation of diaphragm?

C3, C4, C5 - phrenic nerve 

External Intercostal function

Lifts ribcage up and outward by fixing upper rib and lowering others 

External intercostal innervation 

T1-T11

External Intercostal

What make up the accessory muscles for Inhalation?

1. pectoralis minor

2. pectoralis major

3. sternocliedomastoid

4. scalene muscles

5. levatores costarum

6. serratus posterior superior

7. subclavius

8. serratus anterior

Pectoralis Minor

Pectoralis Minor Innervation 

C5-C8

Pectoralis Minor function 

lift ribs 2-5 

• shoulder extension

Pectoralis Major

Pectoralis Major innervation 

C5-C8

Pectoralis Major Function

Draw sternum and ribs up

• rotates arm 

Sternocleidomastiod

Sternocleidomastiod Innervation

CN XI

Sternocleidomastoid Function

elevate sternum and clavical

• unilateral contraction - turn head to side

• bilateral contraction - flex neck down 

Scalene Muscles

Scalene Muscle innervation 

C2-C8

Scalene Muscle Function 

elevates ribs 1 and 2 

What are the main muscles for exhalation?

1. rectus abdominis 

2. external obliques 

3. internal obliques 

4. transverse abdominis 

Rectus Abdominis

Rectus Abdominis Innervation 

T7-T12

Rectus Abdominis Function

Compress AB and depress ribs and sternum 

External Obliques

External Oblique Innervation 

T8-L1 

External Oblique Function

Compress AB and Depress lower ribs (5-8)

Internal Obliques

Internal Obliques Innervation 

T8-L1

Internal Oblique Function

Compress AB and depress lower ribs (9-12)

• trunk support and posture 

Transverse Abdominis

Transverse Abdominis Innervation 

T7-T12

Transverse Abdominis Function

Compress AB

Internal Intercostals

Internal Intercostal Innervation 

T1-T11

Internal Intercostal Function 

pulls ribs downwards 

What is alveolar pressure?

pressure within the alveoli

• inspiration - reduction of pressure 

• exhalation - increase in pressure 

Passive force 

Elastic recoils 

Active force 

muscles 

inspiratory checking

a mechanism that occurs when the lungs are inflated to very large volumes—close to or near total lung capacity (TLC)—and the speaker begins to exhale to produce an extended steady utterance.

What muscles are responsible for inspiratory checking?

Main and accessory muscles of inhalation

What muscle groups are active during running speech?

• expiratory main and accessory muscles 

• AB wall

What are the most active muscles during running speech?

AB wall

How does breathing change as we develop?

• change in respiratory rate 

• airway path changes 

• lung capacity 

• breathing patterns 

How does breathing change as we get older?

• decrease in vital capacity 

• stiffer 

• weaker muscles 

Inspiratory Reserve Level

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the tidal end-inspiratory level

Tidal Volume

amount of air inhaled or exhaled
during resting breathing

Expiratory Reserve Level

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the tidal end expiratory level 

Residual Volume 

amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation 

Inspiratory Capacity

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the resting end expiratory level 

TV + IRV

Functional residual capacity

amount of air in the lungs at tidal end expiratory level

EVR + RV

Vital Capacity

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

Total Lung Capacity

volume of air in lungs and airways after maximum inhalation

(IRV + TV + ERV + RV)

the motor supply for diaphragm

phrenic nerve