Chapter 4- tissues

Tissues

Groups of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them

Histology

The microscopic study of tissues structure

1. Based on the structure of the cells

2. Based on the extracellular matrix

3. The functions of the cells

How are the body tissues classified into four types?

Extracellular matrix

Nonliving chemical substances located between connective tissue cells

1. Epithelial tissue

2. Connective tissue

3. Muscle tissue

4. Nervous tissue

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

Biopsy

The process of removing tissue sample from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes

Autopsy

A postmortem examination of the organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes cause by a disease including microscopic examination of tissues

sickle-cell disease

Red cells have abnormal shapes

Iron deficiency anemia

Red blood cells appear to be smaller

It enhances the exchange of gases between air and blood

Why do lungs have a thin layer of specialized epithelial tissue

Embryonic stem cells

Give rise to a new individual

1. Epiblast

2. Hypoblast

(suffix-blast means bud or germ)

What are the layers that the embryonic stem cells form?

1. Endoderm

2. Mesoderm

3. Ectoderm

What layers does cells of the epiblast form (germ layers)

Endoderm

The inner layer, forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives.

Mesoderm

The middle layers, forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels

Ectoderm

The outer layer, forms skin, neuroectoderm becomes the nervous system.

Neuroectoderm

Part of the ectoderm of an embryo giving rise to the brain and spinal cord.

Neural crest cells

Group of cells that break away from the neroectoderm during development

Neural crest cells

What gives rise to parts of the peripheral nerves, skin pigment cells, the medulla of the adrenal gland and many tissues of the face?

Epithelial tissue

What covers and protects surface internally and externally?

epithelial tissue

What tissue has the characteristics of mostly composed of cells, covers body surface and forms glands, has exposed surface, cells connect to surrounding cells and ECM, avascular, and high regeneration capacity

epithelial tissues

What tissue has the major functions of protecting underlying structures, acting as a barrier, permitting the passage of substance, secreting substances and absorbing substances.

Based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells

How are epithelial tissues classified?

1. Simple epithelium

2. Stratified epithelium

3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

4. Transitional epithelium

What are the four major types of epithelial based in the number of cell layers.

1. Squamous

2. Cuboidal

3. Columnar

What are the three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells?

Simple Epithelium

Consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface

Stratified epithelium

Consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Consists of one layer of cells but appears to be stratified, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane. Appears to be two or more layers of cells because some of the cells are tall and extend to the free surface , whereas others are shorter and do not extend to the free surface.

Transitional epithelium

Type of stratified epithelium. The shape of its cells changes from cuboidal and columnar to squamouslike when stretched.

Squamous

Cells that are flat or scalelike

Cuboidal

Calls are cube-shaped- about as wide as they are tall.

Columnar

Cells tend to be taller than they are wide (like a finger)

simple squamous epithelium

What tissue has the structure of: Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in cross section because the cells are so flat.

simple squamous epithelium

What tissue has the function of : Diffusion, filtration , some secretion, and some protection against friction.

simple squamous epithelium

What tissue has the location of: lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidneys tubules, lining of serous membranes of body cavities (pleural pericardial, peritoneal)

simple cuboidal epithelium

What tissue has the structure of: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs)

simple cuboidal epithelium

What tissue has the function of: Secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells

simple cuboidal epithelium

What tissue has the location of: Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain , lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, and surfaces if the ovaries

simple columnar epithelium

What tissue has the structure of: Single layer of tail, narrow cells; some cells have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) or microvilli (intestines)

simple columnar epithelium

What tissue has the function of: Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cell; secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the intestines

simple columnar epithelium

What tissue has the location of: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts and ventricles of the brain

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What tissue has the structure of: Single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface , and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What tissue has the function of: Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface and move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What tissue has the location of; Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea and bronchi of lungs

stratified squamous epithelium

What tissue has the structure of: Several layers of cells that

are cuboidal in the basal

layer and progressively flattened toward the

surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist)

or keratinized: in

nonkeratinized stratified

squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a

nucleus and cytoplasm; in

keratinized stratified

epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is

replaced by a protein

called keratin, and the cells are dead

stratified squamous epithelium

What tissue has the function of: Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier agains infection and reduces loss of water from the body

stratified squamous epithelium

What tissue has the location of : Keratinized-Outer layer of the ski; nonkeratinized- mouth , throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra and corneas

transitional epithelium

What tissue has the structure of: Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid

Transitional epithelium

What tissue has the function of: Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or a tube; protects agains the caustic effect of urine

Transitional epithelium

What tissue has the location of: Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra

basal surface

What is the surface of the cells that is anchored in place called?

1. basal lamina

2. reticular lamina

What are the layers that the basement membrane consist of

1. Lamina Lucida

2. Lamina Densa

The basal lamina can be further subdivide into...

1. Collagen

2. Glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin)

3. Proteoglycans

The basement membrane is composed of specialized extracellular material secreted by the epithelial cells that include...

supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair

The basement membrane plays an important role in...

1. mechanically binds the cells together

2.Help form a permeability barrier

3. provides a mechanism for intercellular communication

What do cell structures do?

Desmosomes

Cell connection structures that mechanically bind epithelial cells together are called...

Hemidesmosomes

Those that bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane are called...

Hemidesmosomes and desmosomes

What consists of adhesive material between the cells and intermediate filaments that extend into the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

1. Goblet cells

2. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and simple columnar epithelium

What is responsible for synthesizing and secreting the large amount of mucus, and in what tissues do they appear in?

tight junctions

Cell connection structures that form barriers and anchor cells to each other

adhesion belts

What is found just below the tight junctions, and help the tight junctions anchor the epithelial cells to eachother

gap junctions

A small, specialized contact region between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing small molecules to pass from one cell to another

intercalated disks

Gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells are found in specialized cell to cell connections called...

Merocrine secretion

Is the release of secretory products through exocytosis and is the most common and is used by goblet cells, temperature sensitive sweat glands, and the exocrine portion of the pancreas

apocrine secretion

Is the release of secretory products when a portion of the free surface of the epithelial cell pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic contents

holocrine secretion

The release of secretory products through shedding of entire cells

endocrine glands

produces chemicals called hormones and are often termed ductless glands based on their structure and mode of secretion

1. protein fibers

2. Ground substance (consists of nonfibrous protein and other molecules)

3. Fluid

What are the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

hylauronic acid

Ground Substance, Good lubricant for joint cavities, largely present in connective tissue

proteoglycan

ground substance, Provides hydration and swelling pressure for tissue cells allowing it to resist compression

collagen fibers

protein, After collagen molecules are secreted, they link together in bundles to form collagen fibers

reticular fibers

Protein, Networks of reticular fibers fill spaces betweentissues and organs

Elastin

Protein, Elastic fiber provides the elasticity of skin, lungs and arteries which helps with the Returning of original shape

-blast

Create the matrix

-cyte

maintain the matrix

-clast

Break matrix down for remodeling

Adipocytes

contains large amount of lipid (fat cells)

White blood cells

Respond to injury or infection

Mast cell

Beneath membranes and along small blood vessels. Responds to inflammation, release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury

Macrophage

Large, phagocytic cells in some connective tissue types. Derived from monocytes (types of white blood cells). Phagocytize provides protection against foreign cells, and they play a major role in protecting against infections

stem cell

Can differentiate into adult cell types; the cell that all other cells with special functions come from

Areolar connective tissue

what tissue has the structure of: A fine network of fibers with spaces between the fibers.

areolar connective tissue

what tissue has the location of: Packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues

Areolar connective tissue

what tissue has the function of: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structure with which it is associated

Areolar connective tissue

What tissue has the extracellular matrix: Fibroblast produces the fibrous matrix.

adipose connective tissue

What tissue has the structure: Little extracellular matrix surrounding cells

adipose connective tissue

What tissue has the location: Attaches to the surface of the colon

adipose connective tissue

What tissue has the description of extracellular matrix: Blood vessels form a network in the extracellular Matrix.

adipose connective tissue

What tissue has the function of: Packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage.

Reticular connective tissue

What tissue has the structure of: Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged

Reticular connective tissue

What tissue has the location of: Within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.

Reticular connective tissue

What tissue has the extracellular matrix of: reticular fibers

Reticular connective tissue

What tissue has the function of: Provide a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues.

Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue

what tissue has the structure of: The tissue is white (due to having abundant collagen fibers)

Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue

What tissue has the location of: Tendons and ligaments are also found in the dermis of the skin, organ capsule, and the outer layer of blood vessels.

Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue

what tissue has the extracellular matrix of: collagen fibers running in almost the same direction as tendons and ligaments

Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue

What tissue has the function of: Resist pulling forces that are made in the direction of fiber orientation due to a lot of tensile strength and stretch resistance

Dense irregular collagenous

What tissue has the structure of: Collagen fibers run in different directions or alternating planes

Dense irregular collagenous

What tissue has the location of: Found in the walls of elastic arteries