chapter 1 anaphy

anatomy

the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body—for example, the parts and chambers of the heart.

anatomy

means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study.

systemic anatomy and regional anatomy

what are the two basic approaches to study anatomy?

surface anatomy and anatomical imaging

what are the two ways to study the internal structures of a living person?

physiology

the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or function of living things

systemic anatomy

the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular system

regional anatomy

the study of the organization of the body by areas

regional anatomy

what is the approach of studying anatomy that is used by many medical and dental schools

surface anatomy

the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.

sternum

used by health professionals as a landmark for listening to heart sounds.

anatomical imaging

involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn.

human physiology

the study of humans.

cellular physiology and systemic physiology

ways to study physiology

cellular physiology

focuses on processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of

substances, including proteins

systemic physiology

study of physiology that focuses on the function of organ systems

chemical level
cell level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level

what are the 6 levels of organization of the human body?

chemical level

this organization level involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

cells

the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals

nucleus

contains the cell’s hereditary information, and mitochondria manufacture adenosine triphosphate

tissue

a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

what are the four primary types of tissues?

organ

is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.

organ system

a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions.

organism

any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

human organism

a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.

muscular system
respiratory system
digestive system
integumentary system
cardiovascular system
endocrine system
reproductive system
urinary system
nervous system
skeletal system

what are the 11 organ systems?

integumentary system

this system provides protection, regulates temperature, prevetns water loss, and helps prouce vitamin D

integumentary system

this system consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

skeletal system

this system provides protection an support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose

skeletal system

this system consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

muscular system

this system produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

muscular system

this system consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

lymphatic system

this system removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract

lymphatic system

this system consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and other lymphatic tissues

respiratory system

this system exchanges oxygen ad carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH

respiratory system

this system consists of the lungs, diaphragm, and respiratory passages

digestive system

this system performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

digestive tract

this system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other accessory organs

nervous system

this system is a major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

nervous system

this system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

endocrine system

this system is major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions

endocrine system

this system consists of endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonads, and other tissues that secrete hormones

cardiovascular system

this system transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; play a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature

cardiovascular system

this system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

urinary system

this system removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

urinary system

this system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder

female reproductive system

this system produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development ; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors

female reproductive system

this system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures

male reproductive system

this system produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influences sexual functions and behaviors

male reproductive system

this system consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

organization
metabolism
responsiveness
growth
development
reproduction

what are the six characteristics of life

organization

this characteristic of life refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.

metabolism

this characteristic of life is the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

metabolism

refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism

responsiveness

this characteristic of life is an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes

growth

this characteristic of life refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells

development

this characteristic of life includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.

differentiation

involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.

reproduction

this characteristic of life is the formation of new cells or new organisms.

homeostasis

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

feedback loop

allows for a process to be regulated by the outcome

negative and positive feedback loops

what are the two types of feedback loops?

receptor, control center, and effector

what are the three components of a feedback loop?

receptor

this feedback loop component monitors the value of a variable by detecting changes

control center

this feedback loop component determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

effector

feedback loop component which generates the response that adjusts the value of a changed variable

negative feedback loop

maintains homeostasis when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

positive feedback loop

occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater

anatomical position

person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

supine

position of a person when lying face upward

prone

position of person when lying face downward

ventral

other name for anterior

dorsal

other name for posterior

head 
neck
trunk

what contains the central region

thorax
abdomen
pelvis

what are the thee regions of the trunk

thorax

the chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located

sagittal plane

separates the body or a structure into right and left halves

midsagittal plane

a sagittal plane passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

transverse plane

runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

coronal plane

divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves

longitudinal section

a cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun

transverse section or cross section

cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or banana into round pieces

dorsal body cavity and ventral body cavity

what are the two types of internal cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity

pleural cavities

two lateral thoracic cavity and each of which encloses a lung, and are surrounded by the ribs

pleural cavity and mediastinum

what are the two subdivisions of thoracic cavity

mediastinum

houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus

abdominopelvic cavity

enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of abdominal and pelvic cavity

peritoneal cavity

where are the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity housed?

serous membranes

The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called…

parietal serous membrane

The layer that lines the walls of the cavities

visceral serous membrane

the layer covering the internal organs

pericardial cavity

cavity, containing the heart, is housed in the mediastinum

parietal and visceral pericardium

what is the name of the parietal and visceral serous membrane in the pericardial cavity?

pericardial cavity

the space between the two pericardial membranes

pericardial fluid

the fluid that fills the pericardial cavity

parietal and visceral pleurad

the parietal and visceral serous membranes of the pleural cavity

parietal and visceral peritoneum

the parietal and visceral serous membranes of the peritoneal cavity

mesenteries

regions of double-folded visceral peritoneum