Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis generates:

O2 and organic molecules (used in cellular respiration)

Photosynthesis:

endergonic (energy is USED), anabolic (building up - synthesis)

Cellular Respiration:

catabolic (breaking down) and exergonic (releasing energy)

breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic

Fermentation

partial degradation of sugars that occur without O2 oxygen (anaerobic)

Aerobic Respiration

consumes organic molecules and o2 and yields ATP

Cellular respiration includes aerobic and anaerobic processes

Redox Reactions

chemical reactions which transfer electrons between reactants - include Oxidation and REduction

Oxidation

redox reaction, substance LOSES electron

glucose is oxidized

Reduction

redox reaction, substance GAINS electron (losing positivity)

oxygen gas is reduced

NAD+

functions as an electron carrier for cellular respiration

NADH

reduced form of NAD+, represents stored energy

-passes electrons to electron transport chain

Glycolysis

first stage of cellular respiration, breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, occurs in cytoplasm

Citric Acid/Kreb Cycle

completes breakdown of glucose, second step of cellular respiration

Oxidative Phosphoryllation

accounts for most of ATP synthesis , third step of cellular respiration

Which steps produce ATP?

glycolysis, kreb cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2

coenzymes

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

used in glycolysis and citric acid cycle to generate small amount of ATP

Glycolysis produces

2 ATP, glucose broken down into 2 Pyruvates, and 2NADH reduced from 2 NAD+

Citric Acid/Kreb Cycle process

-before this occurs, pyruvate must be converted into acetyl cOA (in this step, 2 Pyruvates enter and 2 acetyl cOA, 2 CO2 and 2 NADH are produced)

-acetyl coA enters matrix and

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 are produced

Krebs Cycle produces?

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 per turn

Electron Transport Chain

-NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to ETC and power ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

-cristae of mitochondria

-O2 accepts the electrons, reducing to H2O

-electron transfer causes the buildup of H+ molecules which need to be pumped out through ATP synthase enzyme - this exergonic flow of H+ drives the phosphorylation of ATP

-34 ATP made