Chapter 35 and 36 APUSH

Yalta Conference

Last meeting between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin in February of 1945. In this meeting, the Big Three talked about how Poland and the other countries should be given free elections after the war, the creation of the United Nations, and issues in the Far East.

Harry S. Truman

33rd US President, also called “the average man’s average man” and was 5’8”, which is average. Did not go to college, was a farmer and artillery officer during WWI, failed as a clothing designer

Cold War

45 year long “war” between the United States and the Soviet Union that enveloped the entire world

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting in New Hampshire in 1944, the US and Great Britain created the IMF and the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Reduced the trade barriers internationally and consequentially increased world trade

United Nation

Group of 50 nations that met at the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House. Consisted of the Security Council and said that no member of it can do anything against it without their consent.

UNESCO, WHO, FAO

International organizations created by the UN

Bernard Baruch

US delegate that called for a worldwide research for atomic energy and weapons, Soviet Union said that atomic bombs should be outlawed but then Truman said that they should not be thrown away yet until world peace was ensured

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial

Trials were held to punish the Nazi leaders for their crimes. 22 culprits were tried by the Allies, all punished in cruel ways.

“Foxy Hermann” Goering

Nazi leader that escaped the gallows by taking a cyanide capsule hours before his scheduled death

United State, Great Britain, USSR, France, China

Big Five Powers of the UN

France, Britain, America, and the USSR

Germany is split into four military occupation zones, each assigned to these Big Four powers

Satellite States

Countries or nations that were considered independent but under the control of a larger and more powerful nation

Iron Curtain

The imaginary boundary that separated Western Europe from Eastern Europe, divide between the capitalist and communist nations

Berlin Airlift

Created when the Soviets closed the city of Berlin off from the West, Americans would fly planes over to Berlin and bring resources there. Causes the USSR to open up Berlin again because their blockade was useless

Containment Doctrine

George Kennan, a diplomat who was also a Soviet specialist, said that Russia regardless of it being a tsarist or communist would be expansionists, and that they only way they would change their views is by seeing it not work out for them, Truman started the “get rough with Russia” policy in 1947 because of this

Truman Doctrine

Thanksgiving Turkey-Grease. This was proposed to Congress by Truman to give Turkey and Greece $400 million to help them fight against the communist pressures.

George C. Marshall

Secretary of State for Truman, created a plan to help with economic recovery in Europe

Marshall Plan

Offered to not only Europe but also the Soviets, this meeting in Paris in July of 1947 proposed financial aid to the European Countries + the USSR, but on the condition that they must make certain political reforms and accept outside controls. The Soviets did not like this and walked out.

Martial Plan

nickname the Soviets gave to the Marshall Plan

European Country

EC

May 14, 1948

Day of creation for Israel

National Security Act

Passed by Congress in 1947, this created a new department in the Pentagon, would include a lead representative from each major part of the military that would be called the Joint Chiefs of Staff, also creates other things in other flashcards

National Security Council

Created by the National Security Act, this was a group of people that would be advisors to the president regarding security matters

Central Intelligence Agency

Created by the National Security Act, this was a group of people that would gather foreign information

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

formed when United States join the European Pact that was created to protect the Western Europe democracies from communism. Treaty for this was signed on April 4th, 1949, approved by Senate on July 21st, 1949

38th Parallel

Imaginary Line in Korea that split it between the Soviet rule in North Korea and American rule in South Korea after the fall of Japan in 1945

NSC-68 (National Security Council Memorandum Number 68)

Issued by the National Security Council created by Truman, it recommended that America quadruple the amount of money spent for defensive measures. Was not really incorporated at first, but once South Korea was invaded by the North, Truman instantly asked for a buildup of the military and spent nearly $50 billion per year for the defense budget

Korean War

Conflict in Korea between USSR and America, caused because North Korea did invade the South and America tried to push them back and defend themselves from the aggressor

Inchon

Amphibious attack location by MacArthur, is successful and pushes the North Koreans back behind the 38th parallel

Loyalty Review Board

Created by Truman in 1947, this group of people would investigate people, especially federal agents if they were communist spies

Smith Act of 1940

Legislation that made it illegal to teach about violent uprisings against the front general, was used against the communist party, such as charging 7 communists for breaking this by teaching communism

Dennis v. United States

Court Case that upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act and that America had the right to convict communists

House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC)

Organization that was given the power to investigate people’s homes to see if people were communist

Alger Hiss

Guy who was found guilty of giving information to the Soviets by Richard Nixon who was analyzing a microfilm that was proof that this guy was guilty. Accused by former Soviet spy Whitaker Chambers

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Jewish couple that were Soviet spies and gave the USSR secrets on the construction of the Atomic Bomb. Determined guilty and sentenced photos

McCarran Internal Security Bill

Vetoed by president Truman himself, this would have given the president the authority to arrest and detain people during an “internal security emergency” , was passed by Congress though

Joseph R. McCarthy

Very dangerous man when it came towards the Red Scare, this guy used his sayings that there were groups of communists in the U.S. Congress. He went too far when he said that there were also communists in the US military. Used his “list” of soviet spies to rise in political power

Reinhold Niebuhr

Protestant Clergyman that said there were the Children of Darkness and Children of Light, America was the Light and they had to purify the communist

Executive Order 9981

Desegregated the army forces

Taft-Hartley Act

Also known as the slave-labor law, this was the first reform made against the New Deal as labor unions would then be responsible for damages, no more union closed shops, and union leaders must made a non-communist oath

Operation Dixie

A failed attempt by the CIO to try and mix races in the steel and textile working industries in the South

Employment Act of 1946

Created a three-member Council of Economic Advisors, made it the government policy to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, basically making the people’s concerns the government’s concerns

GI Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944)

Created because was an attempt to prevent the economy from crashing like what happened after WWI, would give money to war veterans and also provided free education for some of the people who continued with college afterwards

52-20 Club

Created by the GI club and is named after the amount of money that servicemen were given

Fair Deal

Truman’s message to Congress in 1949, improved housing, full employment, national health insurance, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs and extension of Social Security. The Congress which was mostly republicans and Southern Democrats made it hard to pass because of the small amount of representation

Point Four

Plan stated by Truman in his inaugural address in which he said he would rather the U.S. lend money to foreign countries to better their economy instead of having them succumb to communism and the US needing to spend billions on bullets instead.

Sunbelt

Area of 15 states in the South that got a lot of sunlight, it is late and I am tired and don’t know what else to put

Benjamin Spock’s The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care

This easily became a best seller because of the baby boom period. Many families were having children and did not really know how to raise them.

Levittown

Huge advancement in the construction of houses, this was create by the Levit brothers in New York’s Long Island. The people would work and build the houses in a factory assembly line style which allowed for faster construction of houses, where almost 12 houses could be built in a single day

White Flight

Big White movement of families moving in to the suburbs and started their own communities with shopping malls, etc. Black people and other minorities would see that space in the city open up and go there but then realize that poverty also exists in cities

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Written by the United Nations and with help from Eleanor Roosevelt, this document protected the rights of people all over the world.

Hollywood Ten

Group of famous movie stars, directors, and playwrights that refused to obey the HUAC.

Venona Papers

Secret Documents from the USSR intercepted by the US government that reveals that Alger Hiss and the Rosenberg couple were indeed espionage spies

Service Sector

New area of jobs in which rather than selling goods, people sell their ability to do certain things for various professions, do services for others

AFL and CIO

In the year 1945, these two pro-union parties merged together

1957

This year in the baby boom period had a baby born every 7 seconds

Conformity

Being the man in the grey flannel suit, not bringing extra attention to oneself

Dixiecrats

Southern version of the democrats, not exactly the same because of slightly different views mostly caused by discrimination

The Feminist Mystique by Betty Friedman

Best Seller Book about women’s unfairness and how society saw women doing jobs was considered unfeminine.

Televangelists

Christian and Baptist leaders that would use the radio to preach sermons and spread religion

Rock and Roll

Combination of white culture and black culture in music

Elvis Presley

King of Rock and Roll

In God we Trust

Thing added to the money with the religious revival

Under God

Thing added to the pledge of allegiance with the religious revival

Checkers Speech

Televised speech by Richard Nixon that saved his campaign, was accused of accepting illegal donations and he admitted that he did not except for a dog named checkers that he said he would not give back

Emmet Till

Young Northern boy that was killed for whistling at a white woman while visiting in the South, body was heavily mutilated by two white men for revenge and his mother decided to put his body on an open casket for the funeral to display how unfairly abused he was

Jackie Robinson

First Black Man to be signed into the MLB, before Black people would have their own baseball league but the Brooklyn Dodgers signed this guy in, breaking the color barrier

Rosa Parks

Woman famous for her Sitting Bus Boycott, refused to get up for a white man and continued sitting until she was arrested and brought to jail

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., this group was inspired by Rosa Parks and made a big change to stop using the buses. To go places, they would either walk or take taxis instead and would sometimes get beaten up by white people even though they did not do any violence

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Famous supreme court case that desegregated the schools, basis was that the segregated schools were unfair towards the learning experience for the Black people because they were mentally impacted thinking that they were the minority

Brown v. Board of Education II

Follow up after the supreme court case that desegregated schools and said that schools all across the nation must enforce the ruling of the previous court case with deliberate speed

Plessy v. Ferguson

Court Case that led to the creation of the “separate but equal” saying and brought forth segregated schools and public spaces

Orval Faubus

Racist governor of Arkansas use the Arkansas National guard to deny 9 black children access to Little Rock Central High School, Eisenhower would then send the 101st airborne to escort the children into the school

Beatniks

People who wrote poems, books, or did movies to fight back against conformity

Polio vaccination

Dr. Jonas Salk discovers this in 1954 and Albert Sabin creates an oral version of this

Pennicilin

Drug that would be used to treat almost any disease and was really effective, whooping cough and tuberculosis could be treated with this and life expectancy of children born after 1946 would increase as a result

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Founded by Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, group of Southern Religious leaders that would inspire others in their church to also follow along with the civil rights movement

Greensboro Four

4 African-Americans sat in an all white counter area and were thrown out and beaten up by white people, this inspired more people to join the group and they would just continue to sit in the all white section, get thrown out, and go back in with a bigger group

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

Group formed by African American students to fight for civil rights, since people were younger, tended to be more impatient would often get themselves into jail.

Operation Wetback

Many illegal Mexican immigrants crossed the border into America but the Mexican government did a roundup period to try militaristic practices were used to collect them and send them back to Mexico

Federal Highway Act of 1956

$27 billion spent on building roads and transportation under the presidency of Eisenhower. The creation of these roads were thought to be vital towards the defense of America because they would be roads for tanks to be transported across the nation

Rolling Back

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles encouraged people to fight against communism

Hungarian Uprising

Revolt in Hungary against communism and America promised that they would help any nation fight against communism but then when Hungary asked for help, America didn’t help and Hungary got ran over