Biomes Specific

Tundra

Not always warm (not tropical), has coldest winter (-30 deg C)

Taiga

Not always warm (not tropical),

Temperate Forest, not always warm, temp & precipitation lines mirror

Tropical Forest, always warm, precipitation does not reach 0

Tropical Dry Forest, always warm, precipitation reaches 0

Tropical Savanna, always warm, consistently low precipitation hump

Desert, not always warm, smallest scale for precipitation

Temperate Grasslands, not always warm, has early precipitation peak

Temperate Shrubland, not always warm, late precipitation peak

Tropical Rain Forest

Tropical Dry Forest

Tropical Savanna

Desert

Temperate Forest

Temperate Grassland

Temperate Shrubland

Taiga

Tundra

Life history traits:

Adaptations for survival, fitness, and growth in env

Population:

Group of same species living in an area.

Natural selection acts on ___; ___ evolve, ___ do not.

Individuals, populations, individuals

Performance curve:

Physiological processes perform best at a certain level. They perform poorly near CTmin and CTmax when exposed to stressful environments.

Avoid CTmin and CTmax by

BHAAM

Adapt

Acclimate (short-term response)

Hibernate

Migrate

Behavior change (such as altering when or where to forage)

Individuals ____, populations _____

Individuals acclimate, populations adapt

How do stomata control temp

Open stomata, CO2 in, H2O out, Leaf cools

Old Man’s Cactus:

Loses leaves, grows perpendicular to ground, (adaptation to decrease water loss)

Moss Campion

Hugs ground, increase radiative heat by pointing to light; an adaptation to gain heat.

Skunk Cabbage, Spadix role

Flowers while snow on ground, (w/ spadix trapping heat inside)

Life History Traits & examples

Adaptations for survival & fitness in env

Include life length, survival, reproduction, size of young, etc

K Selected Species

@ carrying capacity, max pop size in env, large offspring

I.e. whales 9 yrs to reproduce, high chance of survival to maturity, 1 reproduce in cycle

r selected species

Growth rate, how fast pop can grow, small offspring

I.e. mice few weeks to reproduce, high chance to die before maturity, many small offspring in litter.

Distribution:

Places where species is present.

Abundance:

Number of individuals of a species in a given area.

Population size:

# in place that interact with each other.

Population density:

Population size/area (humans>deer>wood mice>field mice>trees).

How can we describe a population

Density, distribution in space, and age distribution

Types of distribution

Random Distribution

Clumped Distribution: In places can survive

Uniform Distribution: Competing for limited resources

How to sample populations

Count, sample, predict # of individuals

Quadrat sampling:

Population must be counted in an exactly known representative area.

Transects:

Walking along a line and counting individuals.

Mark Recapture, equation, why we get bad estimates

MRC

How do species distribution patterns change w/ time?

Humans Moving Change Biology:

Migration, human pressures, climate change (move north and up elevation), & biotic interactions (organisms impacting each other)

Niche and its many types

Env. conditions for species growth & reproduction

Can be 1 dimensional (Niche based on 1 variable), 2 dimensional, 3 dimensional)

Hutchinson Niche

n-dimensional hypervolume of conditions for species survival and reproduction.

Fundamental vs. realized niche:

Fundamental: Potential conditions for survival and reproduction (in greenhouse).

Realized Niche: Conditions for species survival/reproduction