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Last updated 11:36 AM on 1/24/26
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202 Terms

1
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Lungenkreislauf

Rechte Hauptkammer pumpt Sauerstoffarmes Blut über lunge zum inken Vorhof

2
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Körperkreislauf

linke Hautkammer pumpt sauerstoffreiches Blut durch Körper zum rechten Vorhof

3
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Aterien

Vom Herz weg

4
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Venen

Zum Herz hin

5
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Herzscheidewand

Trennt rechte und linke Herzhälfte

6
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Herzwand

Endokart

Myokart

Epikart

Perikart

7
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Klappen

Segelklappen: 3 Segel

Trikuspidalklappe

Mitralklappe

Taschenklappen:

Pulmonalklappe

Aortenklappe

8
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Systole (anspannungsphase, Azstreibungsphase)

Kammermuskeln Kontrahieren → Erhöhung des Kammerdrucks → Sachenklappen öffnen sich → Blut strömt in aterien

9
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Diastole (Füllungsphase und erdchalffungsphase)

Vorhöfe füllen sich mit Blut → Druck erhoht→ Segelklappen öffnen sich → Kammerfullphase → Segelklappen schließen sich

10
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Windkesseleffekt

Aorta hat speicherfunktion→ dehnt sich aus → will zurück in Ursprungsform → überschüssiges Blut während Diastole auf diese Weise weitergegeben, sodass es zu keiner Unterbrechung kommt

11
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Systolischer Druck (oberer wert)

Manschettendruck sinkt → sobald Blutdruck höher als manschettendruck kann Blut stoßweise fließen

12
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Diastolisvher Blutdruck (unterer wert)

Irgendwann Blutdruck auch zwischenherzschlagen unter Manschettendruck → artiere ständig offen

13
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Sinusknoten

Nervengeflecht an rechten Vorhof → Herzmuskelzellen konenn sich selbst elektrisch erregen → Vorhof Kontrahieren

14
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AV Knoten

Leitet elektr signal von Vorhof in Klammern → verzögert

15
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Lungenbläschen

O2 in Blut abgegeben, CO2 in Umgebung abgegeben

16
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Zwerchfell

Muskel; trennt Lunge von Bauchraum

17
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Pleuraspalt

Zwischen Rippen und Lungenfell; mit Flüssigkeit gefüllt; Unterdruck sodass Lunge vorm kollidieren geschützt ist

18
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Äußere Atmung

Gasaustausch zw. Organismus und Außenwelt

19
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Innere Atmung

Innerhalb der Zellen in Mitochondrien (Energiegewinnung durch Glukose und Sauerstoff → CO2, Wasser, ATP)

20
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Brustatmung

Muskeln heben Brustkorb an → Lungenvolumen vergrostert→ Lunge dehnt sich aus in breite→ Unterdruck → Inhalation

21
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Bauchatmung

Zwerchfell zieht sich zusammen → Brustraum vergrößert → lunge dehnt sich nach unten aus

22
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Atemzugvolumen

Luftmenge die während normalen Atemzug ein/ausgeatmet wird

23
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Inspiratiorische Reservevolumen

Zusätzliche Luftmenge, die nach normaler Einatmung noch einigeatmet werden kann

24
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Exspiratorisvhe Reservevolumen

Zusatzl Luftmenge die nach normaler Atmung noch ausgeatmet werden kann

25
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Residual Volumen

Kann selbst nach max. Ausatmung nicht ausgeatmet werden → damit Lunge nicht kollabiert

26
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Vitalkapazität

Maximale Luftvolumen das nach max. Einatmung wieder ausgeatmet wird

27
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28
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Totalkapazität

Gesamte Luftvolumen (alles zusammen)

29
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Röhrenknochen/ lange Knochen

Oberarm, Oberschenkelknochen, Schienenbein

30
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Platte Knochen

Abgeflacht (Brustkorb, Schädel)

31
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Kurze Knochen

Wurfel-, zylinderförmig (hand, Fußtwurzelknochen)

32
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Sesambeine

Kleine, runde Knochen (Kniescheibe)

33
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Luftgefüllte Knochen

Luftgefüllte Hohlräume (Stirnbein)

34
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Unregelmäßige Knochen

Gehören zu keinem Gruppen ( wirbel-, Unterkieferknochen)

35
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Deckknochen

Desmale Ossifikation, Vorstufe des Bindegewebes

36
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Ersatzknochen

Enchindrale Ossifikation, Entwicklung aus knorpelartigen Strukturen

Harten bis zum 20. Lebensjahr aus

37
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Ossifikation

Bildung von neuem Knochengewebe

38
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Desmale

Knochen bilden sich direkt aus embryonalen Bindegewebe

39
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Enchondral

Erst hyaliner Knorpel, der abgebaut und dann durch Knochengewebe ersetzt wird

40
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Epiphyse

Umgeben von knorpeligen Gelenkflächen zum Schutz vor Abnutzung des knochens

Im Inneren liegt spongiosa

An der epiphysefuge ist Knochenwachstum ( verknochert im Erwachsenenalter)

41
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Metaphyse

Liegt zwischen epi und diaphyse

Besteht aus schrammartiger Knochensubstanz

42
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Diaphyse

Schaft, in denn inneren sich ide Markhöhle mit Knochenmark befindet

43
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Periost

Knochenhaut; umgibt Knochen und enthält viele Blutbahnen, nerven

44
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Kompakta/Rindenhaut

Sehr stabil, kompakt, massiv, hart

Liegt direkt unter Periost

45
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Spongiosa

Schwammartiges Stützwerk aus Knochenbälkchen

Bilden Hohlräume in denen Knochenmark sitzt

46
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Markhöhle

Hier liegt Knochenmark

Zunächst rotes Knochenmark (bilden neue Blutzellen) dann gelbes ( Wirbelsäule & Rippen immer rotes)

47
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Osteozysten

Lebende Knochenzellen

48
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Calicumspeicher

Knochen hohen Mineralgehalt (Calciumkristalle)

49
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Organische und anorganische Substanz

Beide für volle Funktionalität wichtig in Knochen

Kollagen (durch Feuer verbrannt) und Calcium ( durch Salzsäure zersetzt)

50
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Osteoblasten - Knochenzellen

Produzieren+ lagern neues Material an

51
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Osteoklasten

Bauen altes material ab

52
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Achsenskelett

Schädel, Wirbelsäule, Brustkorb (Brustbein, Rippen, Brustwirbel)

53
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Extremitätenskelett

Arme, Beine, Schultergürtel (Schlüsselbein, Schulterblatter, Schultergelenk), Beckengürtel (Hüftbein, Kreuzbein)

54
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Rippen

12 Rippenpaare die den Brustkorb bilden

55
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  1. Rippe

Echte Rippe (direkt hinter Schlüsselbein)

56
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1.-7. Rippe

Echte Rippe, Länge nimmt zu. Direkt mit Brustbein verbunden

57
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8.-10. Rippe

Falsche Rippe, erreicht Brustbein indirekt , Länge nimmt ab

58
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11-12. Rippe

Freie Rippe, erreichen Brustbein nicht

59
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Aufbau rippenknochen

Rippenköpfchen (verbindet Rippen und Wirbel), Rippenhals, Rippenkörper

60
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Gelenke

Bewegliche Verbindungen zwischen den Knochen

Ermöglichen Bewegung

Schützen Knochen

61
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Echte Gelenke

Diarthrosen

Besitzen: Gelenkkopf, Gelenkknorpel, Gelenkspalt, Gelenkpfanne

62
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Unechten Gelenken

Synarthrosen

Besitzen keinen Gelenkspalt

Weniger beweglich als echte Gelenke

63
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Syndesmose

Unechten gelenk

Bindegewebe Knochenverbindung

64
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Synchondrose

Unechten gelenk

Knochen Verbindung durch Knorpel

65
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Synostose

Unechten gelenk

Knöcherne Verbindung zweier Knochen

66
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Kugelgelenk

Bewegung in fast alle Richtungen möglich

Bsp.: Schultergelenk, Hüftgelenk

67
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Eigelenk

Weniger Bewegung: von vorne nach hinten, von links nach rechts

Handgelenk

68
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Sattelgelenk

Vier Richtungen: seitlich, nach rechts, nach links, vorwärts und rückwärts

Daumensattelgelenk

69
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Scharniergelenk

Liegt in rinnenförminger Gelenkpfanne

Zwei Richtungen: Beugen, Strecken

Ellenbogengelenk, oberes sprunggelenk

70
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Drehgelenk

kreisförmige Bewegungen

Radgelenk: Gelenkkopf dreht sich in Gelenkpfanne (Elkenspeichengelenk)

Zapfengelenk: Pfanne dreht sich um Gelenkkopf (Kopfgelenk)

71
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Planes Gelenk

Flache, leicht gewölbte Gelenkfläche

Eher wie Plätte

Mittelfußgelenk

72
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Muskelzellen

Myozyten

73
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Skelettmuskelatur (=quergestreiften Muskeln)

Willentlich belegbar (Zunge z.b.)

Langgestreckt und zylinderförmige Zellen

Mehrkernig

Hoher Energieverbrauch

Durch elektrische Signale gesteuert

74
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Herzmuskulatur (Herzmuskel)

Autonom

Besondere Form oder quergestreiften Muskeln

Einen Zellkern

Struktur=kurz und schmal

Hoher Energiebedarf

Über Glanzstreifen bildet sich ein Netzwerk

Funktion: gleichmäßiger Herzschlag, schnelle Erregungsweiterleitung

75
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Gap Junction

Gap Junctions verbinden direkt das Zytoplasma zweier Zellen und ermöglichen einen schnellen Austausch von Ionen und kleinen Molekülen.

76
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Glatte Muskulatur (unwillkürliche Muskulatur)

Nicht willurlich bewegbar (z.b. im Verdauungstrakt)

Keine Querstreifung

Spindelförmig

Nur einen Zellkern

Durch vegetatives Nervensystem reguliert

77
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Energiebereitstellung Muskel

Abbau von ATP → ADP und P und Energie

Rückgewinnung ATP durch Kreatinphosphat wird auch ADP übertragen

Zusätzliche engerie aus Glukose (+O2) gewonnen → CO2+H2O+ATP

78
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Aufbau skelettmuskelatur

Muskelfaserbündel → Muskelfasern (Sakroplasma+Sakrolemm)→ myofibrillen (umhüllt von sarkoplasmatischen retikulum) → Sarkomere

79
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Sarkomere Proteine

Aktin, Myosin, Titin

80
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Gleitfilamenttheorie

Filamente gleiten aneinander vorbei ohne lange zu verändern

81
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Isotonisch

Spannung gleich, Länge ändert sich (Bizepskurls mit Hanteln)

82
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Isometrisch

Länge gleich, Spannung steigt

Hanteln halten ohne sie zu bewegen

83
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Konzentrisch

Muskel verkürzt sich

Armbeugen, Hochziehen beim Klimmzüge

84
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Exzentrisch

Muskel wird gedreht und bremst ab

Herablassen beim Klimmzug. Armstrecken

85
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Agonist

Führt Bewegung aus (angespannt)

Armstreckung= Trizeps

86
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Antagonist

Gegenspieler ermöglicht entgegengesetzte Bewegung (entspannt)

Armstreckung=Bizeps

87
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Laktat

Kommt als salz der Milchsäure vor

Gebrauch : im anaeroben Bereich bei sehr viel Sport bspw

Durch Abbau von Zucker (Glukose)

88
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Areober Bereich

Benötigte Energie durch Sauerstoff bereitgestellt

89
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Anaerober Bereich

Nicht genug Sauerstoff für Muskelversorgung bereitgestellt

Muss Glukose zu Laktat abbauen

→ Milchsäuregärung

90
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Übersäuerung

Bei intensiven sport zu viel Laktat vorhanden im Blut. Was nicht verstoffwechselt werden kann

→ Müdigkeit, Muskelschmerzen…

91
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Laktattest

Gibt Aufschluss über aerobe Grenze und sodass man Übersättigung vermeiden kann

92
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Grundbausteine der Nahrung

Kohlenhydrate

Eiweiße

Fette

→ liefern Körper Energie über den Weg der Verdauung

93
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Der Weg der Nahrung

Mund→Speiseröhre→Magen → Dünndarm → Dickdarm → After

94
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Mund

Zerkleinert essen

Im Speichel a-amylasen vorhanden die Nahrung weiter vorverdauen (stärke)

95
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Speiseröhre

Schleust brei durch Peristaltik zum Magen

Speiseröhre und Magen durch Schließmuskel getrennt

96
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Magen

Nahrung mit Magensäure (aus Drüsen)

Zersetzt Nahrung weiter (mit Salzsäure, Pepsin, intrinsischer Faktor, Lipase)

97
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Dünndarm

Hilfe durch Verdauungssäfte (Bauspeichel und Galle)

Nährstoffe herausgelöst und durch vergrößerte Oberfläche vermehrt abgegeben

98
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Villi (Darmzotten)

Vergrößern Oberfläche des Dünndarms

99
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Dickdarm

Viele Bakterien vorhanden, die Ballaststoffe übersetzten

Brei wird Wasser entzogen (Kot entsteht)

I'm Mastdarm gespeichert

100
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After

Schneidet unnötigem Kot aus

Explore top notes

Chapter 2: Hinduism "The Way of Devotion"
Updated 1141d ago
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Updated 198d ago
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7.1-7.3: Energetic of a Reaction and Energy in Reactions
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Untitled
Updated 1028d ago
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Chapter 11: Interest Groups
Updated 1009d ago
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Radio Waves
Updated 1215d ago
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Untitled
Updated 1028d ago
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Chapter 11: Interest Groups
Updated 1009d ago
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Radio Waves
Updated 1215d ago
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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