AP U.S. Government Unit 2 Comprehensive

How many members of the House?

435

How many members of the Senate?

100

House age requirement

25

Senate age requirement

30

House citizenship requirement

7 years

Senate citizenship requirement

9 years

Descriptive Representation

Mirroring constituents' personal, politically relevant characteristics

Substantive Representation

Speaking for the interests of groups of which they themselves are not members

When do voters appraise women candidats higher than male candidates?

Non-policy Characteristics (integrity, competence, etc)

Who is more likely to run for office when they detect a political opportunity?

Women (but they may be less ambitious if they are mothers)

When candidates have the same quality, male independents are (more/less) likely to vote for female candidates.

Less (by 23%)

To win against men, what must women be?

More qualified than their male opponents

From which body are incumbents more likely to win?

House

Why are Senate incumbents less likely than House incumbents to be reelected?

More worthy opponents (people with a political image and a lot of money)

Advantages of Incumency

Advertising, Credit claiming, weak opponents, campaign spending, party identification

What would be an example of credit claiming?

A) The road to nowhere B) Franking privileges C) More fundraising D) Appointing a student in a district to a military academy

A and D

Franking privilege

The ability of members to mail letters to their constituents using taxpayer money

Average House election cost

1.5 million

Average Senate election cost

9.7 million

T or F: In both the House and the Senate, the incumbent typically outspends the challenger by almost 200%

True

How would one defeat an incumbent?

Scandal, redistricting, a "tidal wave"

Most turnover in Congress occurs with...

Open seats

States with term limits...

Had more turnover in legislatures, were more likely to hold elections for open seats, had incumbents more likely to face challengers, and had general elections more likely to be legitimately contested by candidates