5.2-5.4 Test

Psychological Disorder

A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.

Medical Model

A framework that views psychological disorders as diseases or medical conditions that require diagnosis and treatment, similar to physical illnesses.

Diathesis-Stress Model

A theory that explains how psychological disorders may develop from a combination of a predispositional vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful life events.

Epigenetics

The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence, often influenced by environmental factors.

DSM-5-TR

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision; a comprehensive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders.

Diagnostic Criteria

Specific guidelines and symptoms outlined in the DSM-5-TR that must be met for a diagnosis of a particular psychological disorder.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more disorders or conditions occurring simultaneously in an individual, often complicating treatment and prognosis.

Anxiety Disorder

A group of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent feelings of anxiety or fear that interfere with daily activities.

Social Anxiety Disorder

A specific type of anxiety disorder involving intense fear and avoidance of social situations due to concerns about being judged or embarrassed.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A condition characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, often accompanied by physical symptoms.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden surges of intense fear or discomfort.

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder involving an intense fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of public places.

Specific Phobia

An irrational fear of a specific object or situation that results in significant distress and avoidance behavior.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A mental health condition characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.

Hoarding Disorder

A psychological condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, leading to clutter and distress.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as flashbacks, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

A category of mental health disorders that includes conditions resulting from exposure to traumatic or stressful events, affecting an individual's emotional and psychological well-being.

Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in daily activities.

Bipolar Disorder

A mental health condition marked by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

Bipolar I Disorder

A subtype of bipolar disorder defined by at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.

Mania

A state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and energy levels, often associated with bipolar disorder, that can impair functioning.

Bipolar II Disorder

A milder form of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full-blown manic episodes.

Psychotic Disorder

A mental health disorder that affects the mind, leading to a disconnection from reality, which may include hallucinations, delusions, and impaired functioning.

Delusion

A false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary, often seen in psychotic disorders.

Chronic Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by long-term symptoms of schizophrenia, including persistent delusions and hallucinations that disrupt daily functioning.

Acute Schizophrenia

A short-term, severe episode of schizophrenia symptoms, which may include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, often requiring immediate treatment.

Dissociative Disorders

A group of mental disorders characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory, often as a response to trauma.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A severe form of dissociative disorder where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world.

Dissociative Amnesia

A condition characterized by the inability to recall important personal information, often related to trauma or stress, which is not explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

Personality Disorders

A group of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate markedly from cultural expectations and cause significant impairment or distress.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, often manifesting as deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, and lack of remorse.

Feeding and Eating Disorder

A category of mental health conditions that involve persistent behaviors related to eating, which negatively impact physical health, emotions, and quality of life.

Anorexia Nervosa

A serious eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading to self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss.

Bulimia Nervosa

A serious eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.

Neurodevelopmental Disorder

A group of conditions that cause abnormalities in the development of the nervous system, affecting cognitive, social, and emotional functioning, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction, presenting a wide range of symptoms and abilities across individuals.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.