5.2-5.4 Test

Psychological Disorder: A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.

Medical Model: A framework that views psychological disorders as diseases or medical conditions that require diagnosis and treatment, similar to physical illnesses.

Diathesis-Stress Model: A theory that explains how psychological disorders may develop from a combination of a predispositional vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful life events.

Epigenetics: The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence, often influenced by environmental factors.

DSM-5-TR: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision; a comprehensive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders.

Diagnostic Criteria: Specific guidelines and symptoms outlined in the DSM-5-TR that must be met for a diagnosis of a particular psychological disorder.

Comorbidity: The presence of two or more disorders or conditions occurring simultaneously in an individual, often complicating treatment and prognosis.

Anxiety Disorder: A group of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent feelings of anxiety or fear that interfere with daily activities.

Social Anxiety Disorder: A specific type of anxiety disorder involving intense fear and avoidance of social situations due to concerns about being judged or embarrassed.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A condition characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, often accompanied by physical symptoms.

Panic Disorder: An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden surges of intense fear or discomfort.

Agoraphobia: An anxiety disorder involving an intense fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of public places.

Specific Phobia: An irrational fear of a specific object or situation that results in significant distress and avoidance behavior.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A mental health condition characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.

Hoarding Disorder: A psychological condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, leading to clutter and distress.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as flashbacks, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
A category of mental health disorders that includes conditions resulting from exposure to traumatic or stressful events, affecting an individual's emotional and psychological well-being.

Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in daily activities.

Bipolar Disorder: A mental health condition marked by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

Bipolar I Disorder: A subtype of bipolar disorder defined by at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.

Mania: A state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and energy levels, often associated with bipolar disorder, that can impair functioning.

Bipolar II Disorder: A milder form of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full-blown manic episodes.

Psychotic Disorder: A mental health disorder that affects the mind, leading to a disconnection from reality, which may include hallucinations, delusions, and impaired functioning.

Delusion: A false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary, often seen in psychotic disorders.

Chronic Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder characterized by long-term symptoms of schizophrenia, including persistent delusions and hallucinations that disrupt daily functioning.

Acute Schizophrenia: A short-term, severe episode of schizophrenia symptoms, which may include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, often requiring immediate treatment.

Dissociative Disorders: A group of mental disorders characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory, often as a response to trauma.

Dissociative Identity Disorder: A severe form of dissociative disorder where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world.

Dissociative Amnesia: A condition characterized by the inability to recall important personal information, often related to trauma or stress, which is not explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

Personality Disorders: A group of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate markedly from cultural expectations and cause significant impairment or distress.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, often manifesting as deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, and lack of remorse.

Feeding and Eating Disorder: A category of mental health conditions that involve persistent behaviors related to eating, which negatively impact physical health, emotions, and quality of life.

Anorexia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading to self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss.

Bulimia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.

Neurodevelopmental Disorder: A group of conditions that cause abnormalities in the development of the nervous system, affecting cognitive, social, and emotional functioning, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: A complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction, presenting a wide range of symptoms and abilities across individuals.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.