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Social structure
the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and establish certain limits on peoples behavior
Social interaction
the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and it is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society
Status
a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties
Status set
comprises all the statues that person occupies at a given time
Ascribed status
a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control over ex. gender
Achieved status
a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort ex. education
Master status
the most important status that a person occupies ex. being rich
Status symbol
material signs that inform others of a persons specific status ex. college merch
Role
a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status
Role expectation
a groups or societies definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played
Role performance
how a person actually plays the role
Role conflict
a situation in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time
Role strain
when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies
Role exit
when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self identity
Social group
two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence
Primary group
a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time ex. family
Secondary group
a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time ex. school
Formal organization
a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving certain goals
Social institution
a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs
Division of labor
how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed
Mechanical solidarity
the social cohesion of a preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds
Organic solidarity
the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people preform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence
Gemeinschaft
traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
Gesellschaft
large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
Social construction of reality
the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience
Self-fufilling prophecy
a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true
Ethnomethodology
study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves
Dramaturgical analysis
study of social interaction that compares everday life to a theatrical presentation